English Writing Chapter Seven

TEM4 考试细则 一 考试目的: 本考试的目的是全面检查已完成英语专业基础阶段课程的学生是否达到了<<大纲>>所规定的各项英语专业技能要求,考核学生综合运用各项基本技能的能力以及学生对语法结构和词语用法的掌握程度。 二 考试的性质与范围: 本考试属于标准参考性教学检查类考试。考试范围包括<<大纲>>所规定的听读写技能以及语法 词汇知识。 三 考试时间:对象与命题 本考试在英语专业第四学期举行,每年一次。考试对象为英语专业二年级学生。本考试由教育部高等学校外语专业教学指导委员会英语组组织有关命题专家命题, 外语专业教学指导委员会办公室负责考试的实施。

四 考试形式: 为了有效考核学生综合运用各项基本技能的能力,即兼顾考试的科学性、客观性,又考虑到考试的可行性以及基础阶段英语水平评估的特点,本考试采用多种考试形式,以保证考试的效度和信度。 五 考试内容: 本考试共有六个部分:听写、听力理解、完型填空、语法与词汇、阅读理解、写作 整个考试需时130分钟。

I.听写:(PART I: Dictation) 1.测试要求: (a )能在全面理解内容的基础上逐字逐句写出所听材料。 (b)拼写和标点符号正确无误,错误率不超过8% (c)考试时间15分钟 2. 测试形式: 本部分为主观试题。所听材料共念四遍。第一遍用正常语速朗读,录音语速为每分钟120个单词,让学生听懂材料大意。第二三遍朗读时意群、分句和句子之间留出约15秒的空隙,让学生书写。第四遍再用正常语速朗读,让学生检查。

3. 测试目的: 测试学生听力理解能力拼写熟练程度以及正确运用标点符号的能力。 4 3. 测试目的: 测试学生听力理解能力拼写熟练程度以及正确运用标点符号的能力。 4. 选材原则: (a )题材广泛体裁多样。 (b)听写材料难度以不超过<<大纲>>规定为准。 (c) 听写材料长度约150个单词。

II 听力理解(Part II : Listening Comprehension) 1. 测试要求: (a )能听懂英语国家人士关于日常生活和社会生活的谈话,以及中等难度(如TOEFL中的短文)的听力材料.能理解大意,领会说话者的态度感情和真实意图。 (b)能听懂相当于VOA正常语速和BBC新闻节目的主要内容。 (c)能辨别各种英语变体(如美国英语 英国英语 澳大利亚英语等)。 (d)考试时间约15分钟。

2.测试形式: 本部分采用多项选择题,分三节:Section A, Section B, Section C,共30题。 Section A: Conversations 本部分含有若干组对话,每组约为200个单词。每组对话后有若干道题。本部分共有10题。 Section B: Passages 本部分含有若干篇短文,每篇长度约为200个单词。每篇后有若干道题。本部分共有10题。 Section C: News Broadcast 本部分含有若干段VOA或BBC新闻,每段新闻后有若干道题。本部分共有10题。 本部分后有5秒的间隙,要求学生从所给的四个选项中选出一个最佳答案。录音语速为每分钟约120个单词,念一遍。

3.测试目的: 测试学生获得口头信息的能力。 4.选材原则: (a )对话和短文中的部分内容与日常生活和学习活动相关。 (b)VOA和BBC新闻材料为学生所熟悉的一般新闻报道 短评或讲话等。 (c) 听写材料中所出现的词语原则上不超出<<大纲>>规定的范围。

III 完型填空(Part III:Cloze) 1. 测试要求: (a )能在全面理解所给短文内容的基础上,选择一个最佳答案使短文意思和结构恢复完整。 (b)考试时间15分钟。 2.测试形式: 本部分采用多项选择题。在一篇约250个单词 题材熟练难度中等的短文中留出20个空白。每个空白为一题,每题有四个选项。填空的词涉及语法和词汇。 3.测试目的: 测试学生的综合语言知识和能力

IV.语法与词汇：(Part IV: Grammar and Vocabulary) 1. 测试要求: (a) 掌握并能运用<<大纲>>规定的一至四级语法内容。 (b) 掌握<<大纲>>规定的基础阶段认知词汇(5500-6000),并且能正确 熟练地运用其中的3000-4000个单词及其最基本的搭配。 (c) 考试时间15分钟。 2.测试形式: 本部分采用多项选择题。共30道题,每题有四个选项。题目中约50%为词汇词组和短语用法题,其余为语法结构题。 3.测试目的: 测试学生掌握词汇短语及基本语法概念的熟练程度。

V.阅读理解(Part V: Reading Comprehension) 1. 测试要求: (a) 能读懂英美国家出版的中等难度的文章和材料。 (b) 能读懂难度相当于美国Newsweek的国际新闻报道。 (c) 能读懂难度相当于Sons and Lovers 的文学原著。 (d) 能掌握所读材料的主旨大意,了解说明主旨大意的事实和细节;既理解字面意思,又能根据所读材料进行判断和推理;既能理解个别句子的意义,也理解上下文的逻辑关系。(e) 能在阅读中根据需要自觉调整阅读速度和阅读技巧。 (f) 考试时间25分钟。

2.测试形式:本部分采用多项选择题,由数篇阅读材料组成。阅读材料共长1800个单词左右。每篇材料后有若干道题。学生应根据所读材料内容,从每道题的四个选项中选出一个最佳的答案。共20道题。 3.测试目的: 本部分测试学生通过阅读获取有关信息的能力,考核学生掌握相关阅读策略和技巧的程度。既要求准确性,也要求一定的速度。阅读速度为每分钟120个单词。 4.选材原则: (a )题材广泛,包括社会 科技 文化 经济 日常知识 人物传记等。 (b)体裁多样,包括记叙文 描写文 说明文 议论文 广告 说明书 图表等。 (c) 阅读材料的语言难度中等,关键词汇基本上不超出<<大纲>>规定的范围。

VI.写作(Part VI: Writing ) 1. 测试要求： (a) 作文: 能根据所给的作文题目 提纲或图表 数据等,写一篇200个单词左右的作文。能做到内容切题 完整,条理清楚,结构严谨,语法正确,语言通顺,表达得体。考试时间35分钟。 (b) 便条: 能根据所给提示写50至60个单词的便条 通知 请贴等。能做到格式正确,语言得体。考试时间10分钟。

2.测试形式: 本部分分为主观试题,分两节:Section A和Section B。 Section A: Composition 本题是命题作文,文章体裁主要属于说明文 议论文或记叙文的范围。 Section B: Note-Writing 本节是写便条。 3.测试目的: 按照<<大纲>>的要求测试学生书面表达的能力。

常用的句型 一)比较 1.The advantage far outweigh the disadvantages. 2.The advantages of A are much greater than those of B. 3.A may be preferable to B, but A suffers from the disadvantages that... 4.It is reasonable to maintain that ...but it would be foolish to claim that... 5.For all the disadvantages, it has its compensating advantages. 6.Like anything else, it has its faults.

7.A and B has several points in common. 8.A bears some resemblances to B. 9.However, the same is not applicable to B. 10. A and B differ in several ways. 11. Evidently, it has both negative and positive effects. 12. People used to think ..., but things are different now. 13. The same is true of B. 14. Wondering as A is ,it has its drawbacks. 15. It is true that A ... , but the chief faults (obvious defects )are ...

二)原因 1.A number of factors are accountable for this situation. A number of factors might contribute to (lead to ) (account for ) the phenomenon (problem). 2. The answer to this problem involves many factors. 3. The phenomenon mainly stems from the fact that... 4. The factors that contribute to this situation include... 5. The change in ...largely results from the fact that... 6. We may blame ...,but the real causes are... 7. Part of the explanations for it is that ...

One of the most common factors (causes ) is that ... Another contributing factor (cause ) is ... Perhaps the primary factor is that … But the fundamental cause is that ...

三)后果 1. It may give rise to a host of problems. 2. The immediate result it produces is ... 3. It will exercise a profound influence upon... 4. Its consequence can be so great that...

四)批驳 1)It is true that. , but one vital point is being left out 四)批驳 1)It is true that ..., but one vital point is being left out. 2) There is a grain of truth in these statements, but they ignore a more important fact. 3) Some people say ..., but it does not hold water. 4) Many of us have been under the illusion that... 5) A close examination would reveal how ridiculous the statement is. 6) It makes no sense to argue for ... 7) Too much stress placed on ... may lead to ... 8) Such a statement mainly rests on the assumption that ... 9) Contrary to what is widely accepted, I maintain that ...

五)举例 1) A good case in point is. 2) As an illustration, we may take 五)举例 1) A good case in point is ... 2) As an illustration, we may take ... 3) Such examples might be given easily. 4) ...is often cited as an example.

六)证明 1) No one can deny the fact that 六)证明 1) No one can deny the fact that ... 2) The idea is hardly supported by facts. 3) Unfortunately, none of the available data shows ... 4) Recent studies indicate that ... 5) There is sufficient evidence to show that ... 6) According to statistics proved by ..., it can be seen that ...

七)结尾 1) From what has been discussed above, we can draw the conclusion that ... 2) It is high time that strict measures were taken to stop ... 3) It is necessary that steps should be taken to ... 4) In conclusion, it is imperative that ...

5) There is no easy method, but ...might be of some help. 6) To solve the above-mentioned problem, we must ... 7) In summary, if we continue to ignore the above-mentioned issue, more problems will crop up. 8) With the efforts of all parts concerned, the problem will be solved thoroughly. 9) We might do more than identify the cause ; it is important to take actions to ...

10) Taking all these into account, we 10) Taking all these into account, we ... 11) Whether it is good or not /positive or negative, one thing is certain/clear... With the deepening of Chinese reform and opening up 　　

用于文章主题句 1. 不用说… It goes without saying that子句 = (It is) needless to say (that)子句 = It is obvious that子句 = Obviously, S. + V. 例︰不用说早睡早起是值得的。 It goes without saying that it pays to keep early hours.

2. …是不可能的; 无法… There is no Ving = There is no way of Ving 2. …是不可能的; 无法… There is no Ving = There is no way of Ving. = There is no possibility of Ving. = It is impossible to V. = It is out of the question to V. = No one can V. = We cannot V. 例︰不可否认的,成功的事业关键在于健康的身心。 There is not denying that successful business lies in a healthy body and mind.

3. 我深信… I am greatly convinced (that)子句 = I am greatly assured (that)子句 例︰我深信预防是于治疗。 I am greatly convinced that prevention is better than cure. 4. 在各种…之中？… Among various kinds of …, … = Of all the …, … 例︰在各种运动中,我尤其喜欢慢跑。 Among various kinds of sports, I like jogging in particular.

5. …是很容易证明的。 It can be easily proved (that)子句 例︰时间最珍贵是很容易证明的。 It can be easily proved that nothing is more precious than time. 6. …无论如何强调都不为过 … cannot be overemphasized 例︰交通安全的重要性无论如何强调都不为过。 The importance of traffic safety cannot be overemphasized.

7. 就我的看法…；我认为… In my opinion, … = To my mind, … 7. 就我的看法…；我认为… In my opinion, … = To my mind, …. = As far as I am concerned, … = I am of the opinion that子句 例︰就我的看法,打电动玩具既花费时间也有害健康。 In my opinion, playing video games not only takes much time but is also harmful to health.

8. (A) 每个人都知道… It is known (that)子句 (B) 就我所知？… As far as my knowledge is concerned, … 例︰就我所知,下列方法对我帮助很大。 As far as my knowledge is concerned, the following ways are of great help to me.

9. 毫无疑问地… There is no doubt (that)子句 例︰毫无疑问地,近视在我国的年轻人中是一个严重的问题。 There is no doubt that near-sightedness is a serious problem among the youth of our country. 10. 根据我个人经验… According to my personal experience, … = Based on my personal experience, …

11. 在我认识的人当中,也许没有一个人比…更值得我尊敬。 Of all the people I know, perhaps none deserves my respect more than … 例︰在我认识的人当中,也许没有一个人比我的英文老师张老师更值得我尊敬。 Of all the people I know, perhaps non deserves my respect more than Miss Chang, my English teacher. 12. 在我的求学过程中,我忘不了… In the course of my schooling. I will never forget … 例︰在我的求学过程中,我忘不了学习英文所遭到的大困难。 In the course of my schooling. I will never forget the great difficulty I encountered in learning English.

13. (A) 随着人口的增加… With the increase/growth of the population, … (B) 随着科技的进步, … With the advance of science and technology, … 例︰随着台湾经济的快速发展,许多社会问题产生了。 With the rapid development of Taiwan's economy, a lot of social problems have come to pass. 14. (A) 在这信息的年代…扮演重要的角色。 In the age of information and communication, … plays an important role. (B) 在今日工业社会中…是生命不可或缺的。 In today's industrial society, … is indispensable to life.

15. 在讨论…一个人不得不承认…。 In dealing with …, one cannot but admit (that)子句 例︰在讨论未来的职业,一个人不得不承认尽早决定未来的职业很重要。 In dealing with one's future career, one cannot but admit that it is very important to decide one's future career as early as possible. 16. 世上没有什么比…更令我高兴。 Nothing in the world can delight me so much as … 例︰世上没有什么比到快餐店吃汉堡更令我高兴。 Nothing in the world can delight me so much as having hamburgers in fast-food restaurants.

17. … 是必要的 It is necessary that S (should) V … 是重要的 It is important/essential that S (should) V … 是适当的 It is proper that S (should) V … 是紧急的 It is urgent that S (should) V 例︰我们当保持公共场所清洁是应当的。 It is proper that we (should) keep the public places clean.

18. 每当我听到…我就忍不住感到兴奋。Whenever I hear …, I cannot but feel excited 18. 每当我听到…我就忍不住感到兴奋。Whenever I hear …, I cannot but feel excited. 每当我做…？ 我就忍不住感到悲伤。 Whenever I do …, I cannot but feel sad. 每当我想到…我就忍不住感到紧张。Whenever I think of …, I cannot but feel nervous. 每当我遭遇…我就忍不住感到害怕。Whenever I meet with …, I cannot but feel frightened. 每当我看到… 我就忍不住感到惊讶。Whenever I see …, I cannot but feel surprised. 例︰每当我想到我家附近那一条清澈的小溪,我就忍不住感到悲伤。 Whenever I think of the clean brook near my home, I cannot but feel sad.

19. 据说… It is said (that)子句 一般认为… It is thought (that)子句 大家都知道… It is known (that)子句 据报导… It is reported (that)子句 一般预料… It is expected (that)子句 一般估计… It is estimated (that)子句 一般相信… It is believed (that)子句 例︰一般相信阅读增加我们的知识、扩大我们的心胸。 It is believed (that) reading increases our knowledge and broadens our mind.

20. …的主要理由是… The main reason why … 20. …的主要理由是… The main reason why ….. is (that)子句 例︰青少年犯罪的主要理由是社会环境日一败坏。 The main reason why the juveniles commit crimes is that social environment is becoming worse. 21. 俗语说得好：「…」。 Well goes an old saying, "…" = As an old saying goes(runs, says), "…" = An old saying goes, "…" = It's an old saying (that)子句 例︰俗话说得好：「诚实为上策」。 As an old saying goes, "Honesty is the best policy."

22. (A) …用下列方法… … in the following ways 22. (A) …用下列方法… … in the following ways. (B) …有三个主要理由。 … for three major reasons. (C) 要…？至少我们可做三件事。 To …, there are at least three things we can do. 例︰(A) 我用下列方法增加信心。 I increase my confidence in the following ways. (B) 人们学外语有三个理由。 People learn a foreign language for three major reasons. (C) 为了维护健康,我们每天至少可做三件事。 To keep healthy, there are at least three things we can do every day.

II. 用于文章承转句 23. 那就是(说)…；亦即… That is to say, … = That is, … = Namely, … 例︰我们生活需有规律。也就是说？早睡早起？戒除烟酒。 We need to live a regular life. That is, we can keep good hours and refrain from smoking and drinking in the daily activities. 24. (A) 基于这个理由？… For this reason, … (B) 为了这个目的… For this purpose, … 例︰基于这个理由,我已决定把行医作为未来的职业。 For this reason, I have decided to take practicing medicine as my future career.

25. 我们有理由相信… We have reasons to believe (that)子句 例︰我们有理由相信体罚应该严格禁止。 We have reasons to believe that corporal punishment should be strictly prohibited. 26. 事实上… As a matter of fact, … = In fact, … 例︰事实上,健康才是最重要。 As a matter of fact, it is health that counts.

27. (A) 例如… For example, … (B) 拿…做例子 Take … for example 27. (A) 例如… For example, … (B) 拿…做例子 Take … for example. 例︰例如,我们盲目地提高生活水准,却降低生活品质。 For example, we elevate the living standards blindly, but lower the quality of life. 28. 此外,我们不应忽视… Besides (In addition), we should not neglect … 例︰此外,我们不应忽视每个人都想要一个温馨祥和的社会。 In addition, we should not neglect that everyone wants a friendly and peaceful society.

29. 相反地… on the contrary, … = by contrast, … 例︰相反地,少数学生似乎还在鬼混。 On the contrary, a few students, it seems, are still fooling around. 30. 另一方面… on the other hand, … 例︰政府应严格执法,另一方面,大众也应该培养减少污染的好习惯。 The government should enforce laws strictly. On the other hand, the public also should develop the good habit of reducing pollution.

31. 然而,很可惜的是… However, it is a pity that子句 例︰然而,很可惜的是他总是临时抱佛脚。 However, it is a pity that he should always cram at the eleventh hour. 32. 换言之… in other words, … = to put it differently 例︰换言之,我会尽最大的努力达成我的目标。 In other words, I will try my best to attain (gain, live up to) my goal.

33. 别人可能认为这是事实,但我不是。我认为… It may be true as assumed by others, but I don't. I believe that子句 例︰别人可能认为这是事实,但我不是。我认为… It may be true as assumed by others, but I don't. I believe that if you have strong determination and perseverance, the success will certainly come to you in the end. 34. 从此之后,我已发现… Ever since then, I have found that子句

35. 这样说来,假如... 当然毫无疑问地…。 In this light, if…, there can surely be no doubt (that) 子句 例︰这样说来,假如我们能善用时间,当然毫无疑问地我们会成功。 In this light, if we can make good use of time, there can surely be no doubt that we will get somewhere. 36. 更严重的是…。 What is more serious is (that)子句 例︰更严重的是,我们不珍惜野生动物。 What is more serious is that we do not cherish the wildlife.

37. 鉴于社会的实际需要…。 In view of the practical need of society, … 37. 鉴于社会的实际需要…。 In view of the practical need of society, …. 例︰鉴于社会的实际需要,愈来愈多人对学英语有兴趣。 In view of the practical need of society, there are more and more people interested in learning English.

III. 用于文章结论句 38. 如果能实践这三点…。 If one can really put the three points into action (practice), … 例︰如果能实践这三点…。 If one can really put the three points into action(practice), he will surely be able to live a healthy and happy life. 39. 做这些简单之事,我们一定可以…。 By doing these simple things, we surely can …. 例︰做这些简单之事,我们一定可以快乐出门平安回家。 By doing these simple things, we surely can go out of the door happily and come back home safe every day.

40. 如此,我相信…。 In this way, I believe (that)子句 例︰如此,我相信大家能够像我一样,享受乘坐公车的乐趣。 In this way, I believe that all the people may be able to enjoy the bus ride like me. 41. 实践这些…。 By putting them (the above) into practice, …. 例︰实践这些,在智育方面我一直能不断进步。 By putting them(the above) into practice, I have been able to make constant progress in intellectual education.

42. (A) 唯有符合此三项要求,我们才能…。 Only by living up to the three requirements, can we …. (B) 唯有通力合作,我们才能…。 Only with combined efforts, can we …. 例︰唯有通力合作,我们才能期望台湾不久有新的面貌。 Only with combined efforts, can we expect Taiwan to take a new face in due course. 43. 最后,但并非最不重要…。 Last but no least, …. 例︰最后,但并非最不重要,教育上的缺失是助长青少年犯罪的原因。 Last but no least, the shortcoming in education is the cause contributing to juvenile delinquency.

44. 这证据显示～的重要性在怎么强调都不为过。 This evidence shows that the importance of ～ cannot be overemphasized. 例︰这证据显示交通安全的重要性在怎么强调都不为过。 This evidence shows that the importance of traffic safety cannot be overemphasized. 45. 由于这些理由,我…。 For these reasons, I …. 例︰由于这些理由,我认为在台湾接受大学教育是明智的。 For these reasons, I think that receiving college education in Taiwan is wise.

46. 总而言之,…。 In conclusion, … = To sum up, … 例︰总而言之,好国民应该遵守交通规则。 In conclusion, a good citizen should abide by traffic regulations. 47. 因此,我们能下个结论,那就是…。 We can, therefore, come to the conclusion (that)子句 例︰因此,我们能下个结论,那就是世上自由罪珍贵。 We can, therefore, come to the conclusion that nothing is so precious as freedom in the world.

48. 如果我们能做到如上所述,毫无疑问地,…。 If we can do as mentioned above, there can be no doubt (that)子句 例︰如果我们能做到如上所述,毫无疑问地,我们就能精通英语。 If we can do as mentioned above, there can be no doubt that we can master English 49. 因此,这就是…的原因。 Thus, this is the reason why …. 例︰因此,这就是我重感冒的原因。 Thus, this is the reason why I caught a bad cold.

50. 所以,我们应该了解…。 Therefore, we should realize (that)子句 例︰所以,我们应该了解学英文不能没有字典。 Therefore, we should realize that in learning English we cannot do without a dictionary. 51. 因此,由上列的讨论我们可以明了…。 We, therefore, can make clear from the above discussion (that)子句 例︰因此,由上列的讨论我们可以明了毅力可以克服任何困难。 We, therefore, can make clear from the above discussion that perseverance can overcome any difficulty.

52. 1. 从～观点来看…。 From the ～ point of view, …. 2 52. 1. 从～观点来看…。 From the ～ point of view, …. 2. 根据～的看法…。 According to ～ point of view, …. 例︰从政治的观点来看,这是一个很复杂的问题。 From the political point of view, this is a rather complicated problem.

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