句 子 成 分 谓语 谓语说明主语的动作、行为或所 处的状态。通常由动词的各种形式来 充当。并且和主语在人称和数上保持一致。

句 子 成 分 1.一般谓语都是由一个动词或动词 短语来充当 She got here at six. 2.有些谓语是由“系动词+表语”构成的 The girl felt cold. He is a teacher.

句 子 成 分 Can you speak French? We must be careful. 4.如果不及物动词作谓语，则不可以 3.有些谓语由“情态动词+动词原形”构成 Can you speak French? We must be careful. 4.如果不及物动词作谓语，则不可以 直接加宾语，但可以在不及物动词后 加介词再跟宾语 We depend on ourselves, not others.

不定式（to do) 过去分词(-ed) -ed分词 非谓语 分词 现在分词(-ing) - ing分词 动名词（-ing)

Participle 主动、进行、 令人……的 doing 被动、完成、 感到……的 done

The film is disappointing. The swimming boy is Tom. (主动、进行） the room facing south （主动） The film is disappointing. （令人……的)

I have a radio made in China. （被动） Look at the broken glass. （被动、完成） The excited people shouted and cheered. （感到……的）

infinitive 表将来 表目的 表某一次具体的动作

I have a lot of work to do. （将来） I like dancing, but I don’t like to dance today. （某一次具体的动作） To learn English well, you must practise more. （目的）

将来 具体动作 分类 无主谓 定 语 动名词 不定式 分词 doing done 主动 进行 令人…的 被动 完成 感到…的

the boy standing there The window broken by Tom the clothes to wash tomorrow

时 态 和 语 态 主 动 被 动 doing being done having been done having done 一般式 时 态 和 语 态 语态 时态 主 动 被 动 一般式 完成式 doing being done having been done having done

V-ing 的否定式 在 分词前加“not ” 主 动 被 动 (not) doing (not) being done (not) 语态 时态 主 动 被 动 一般式 完成式 (not) doing (not) being done (not) (not) having been done having done

V-ing 在句子中充当的成分 Send e-mails is more and more popular. It’s no use take this kind of medicine. The film is so moved . I couldn’t help cry when I heard the bad news. I heard the girl sung in the classroom. Sending 主语 taking moving 表语 crying 宾语 singing 宾补

?+doing (V-ing 在这种结构中做宾语) mind、suggest、delay、　keep on、 look forward to、enjoy、appreciate、imagine、practise、finish、succeed in、consider、 can’t help、miss

?+sb.+doing have、leave、keep see、watch、hear 、find、 notice、feel, catch 　　　　　(V-ing 在这种结构中做宾补) have、leave、keep see、watch、hear 、find、 notice、feel, catch

5. China is a developing country. China is a country developing very fast. 定语 6. Hearing the cry for help, he rushed out. Being ill, he went home. Time permitting, I can do it better. 状语 =If time permits, I can do it better

China is a large country which develops very quickly. 2. I have received your letter which says you will come to China next month. 3. I want to see some films that are very interesting. China is a large country developing very quickly. I have received your letter , saying you will come to China next month. I want to see some interesting films.

4. When he was walking in the street, he saw one of his old friend. 5. Because he was ill, he stayed at home. 6. After he finished the letter, he posted it. --(when)Walking in the street, he saw one of his old friend. --Being ill, he stayed at home. --Having finished the letter, he posted it. 注意:-ing的完成形式只表示这个动作发生在主句动作之前.

V-ed的用法 V-ing 和V-ed的区别 从时态和语态两个角度去区分 时态 语态 V-ing 进行时 主动 被动 过去 V-ed

如： ( 1 ) 作定语 a developed country / a developing country a polluted river / a sleeping baby

常见考点类型

二. 一般式与完成式的考察 （04北京) 29. _____ in the queue for half an hour, Tom suddenly realized that he had left his wallet at home. To wait B. Have waited C. Having waited D. To have waited （04吉林) 28. “ We can’t go out in this weather,” said Bob, _______ out of the window. A. looking B. to look C. looked D. having looked

三. 主动与被动的考察 1. 你知道他们正在讨论 的话题吗? being discussed Do you know the topic ______________ now? (discuss) 2. 这个小男孩最后被看见在河边踢球。 playing The missing boy was last seen _________ near the river. (play)

planting looking belonging 四. 句子成分混淆 1. There are a lot of students are planting trees on the small hill. planting 2. He lay on the grass, and looking at the sky. looking 3. The book belongs to Mary is lost. belonging

V-ing 和V-ed 用法归纳: V-ing作主语(谓语动词用单数）,v-ed不能作主语 Using computers is very common in our daily life. 2.V-ing作表语与 v–ed 分词作表语的区别 The story is interesting. The little girl is interested in the story. The news is disappointing. He was disappointed to hear the result.

When the boys were watching the exciting film, they were very excited The students are all moved by the moving story. When she saw the surprising result, she gave us a surprised look. 区别:v-ing作表语时表示某物具有的性质,常翻译为”令人……”。v-ed做表语具有被动的概念，一般表示某人对某事的感觉或者体验，解释为“感到...”。

3.v-ing可作宾语，v-ed不能作宾语： We missed seeing that film when it was at the local cinema. He often imagines flying. He dreams about being a doctor 掌握只能跟v-ing 作宾语的动词及短语

4.v-ing 和v-ed作宾补时的区别: They kept me waiting for a long time. He watched the cars coming and going. I saw him playing card. She heard her sister singing in her room. Mr Li has Jim standing outside the door. I had my MP3 repaired last week. We heard this song sung in English. No matter how I try, I just can’t make myself understood by the foreigner. V-ing用作宾补时, 和句子中的宾语构成主动 关系，说明宾语一直在做或正在做某事. V-ed用作宾补时, 和句子中的宾语构成被动关系，说明宾语的情况

5.v-ing和v-ed作定语时的区别: a singing bird. a sleeping dog a man carrying a baby a student playing with knife people fighting against wars a swimming pool a writing desk a wounded monkey a broken chair boiled water a soldier wounded by knife a road covered with snow

6.v-ing和v-ed作状语时的区别: Being ill, I can’t go to work.(原因) Seeing the house on fire, she called 119 (时间状语) He sat on a stone, reading a book(伴随 性状语) Hearing the good news, we all jumped up with joy.(时间状语) The husband died, leaving his wife three daughters.(结果状语) Seen from the top of the mountain, the village is very beautiful. (时间状语) Cooked in a special way, the fish tastes Very nice.(原因状语) Given more time, we could finish the job (条件状语) The president entered the hall, followed by his guards.(伴随性状语)

不定式(to do)的用法: 可作主语 To lose your heart means failure. 不定式做主语时，一般用it当形式主语，把作主语的不定式短语后置。 It is adj/n to do sth It takes sb some time to do sth It took me only five minutes to finish the job. It is very difficult for him to finish the paper in such a short time.

To do two things at a time is to do neither． 可作表语 1).如果主语是不定式（表示条件），表语也是不定式（表示结果）。(一致性) To do two things at a time is to do neither． 一次做两件事等于未做。 To see is to believe. 百闻不如一见。（眼见为实） 2)be to do 结构表将来时: He is to marry Rose.

His wish is to buy a car in the near future. 3)如果主语是以aim，duty，hope，idea，happiness，job，plan，problem，purpose，thing，wish等为中心的名词，或以what引导的名词性从句，不定式作表语对主语起补充说明作用。 His wish is to buy a car in the near future. 他的希望是在不远的将来买一辆轿车。 The most important thing is to take measures to prevent the pollution. 最重要的事情是采取措施阻止污染． What she wants to do most now is to travel abroad.

1)She refused to come here. 可作宾语 1)She refused to come here. 后面用不定式作宾语即用v+ to do…结构的常用动词有: afford（负担得起）,agree（同意））,appear（似乎，显得）,,expect（期望）fail（不能）,,happen（碰巧）,hope（希望）,intend（想要，打算）,learn（学习）,manage（设法）,plan（计划）,pretend（假装）promise（承诺，允许）,refuse（拒绝）,want（想要）wish（希望）……

They begged to go with us. 他们恳求与我们同行。 You needn't bother to come yourself. 不必劳驾你亲自过来。

They are considering what to do next. 2)有些动词可以要求其后的不定式前面加一个连接副（代）词，一起充当宾语。what，when，where，which，how，whether等，但不可以是why。 They are considering what to do next.

Could you tell me whether to go for a picnic? 你能告诉我是否会去野餐吗？ My little sister is learning how to read and write. 我的小妹妹正在学习如何阅读和书写。 My mother showed me how to prepare meals. 母亲向我演示了如何做饭。 I wonder where to go. 我不知道去哪儿。

3)还可用it代替不定式作形式宾语． Find it +adj +to do sth I found it impossible to answer all the questions within the time given. 我发现在规定的时间内答完所有的问题是不可能的。 Some who were famous in their own times would find it difficult to achieve success today. 一些过去著名的人物在今天也许就难以成功。

不定式可作宾语补足语: My teacher asked me to go there on time. We often hear her sing the song at home. 动词不定式作宾语补足语时to要省略的动词有:1.感官动词 see, hear, notice, watch, observe, feel, listen to等 ;2. 使役动词 have , make , let

He was the last one to leave school yesterday. 不定式可作定语: 1)不定式修饰的名词前有only，last，next，not a，序数词(first,second,..)或形容词最高级形容时，不定式作后置定语,与其所修饰的名词通常逻辑上是主谓关系。 He was the last one to leave school yesterday. 昨天他是最后一个离开教室的。 Charles Lindbergh is the first man to fly the Atlantic alone. 查理林德伯格是第一个独自飞跃大西洋的人。

She has a lot of work to do in the morning. 2)不定式与所修饰的名词逻辑上构成动宾关系时，该不定式后面不能再带宾语，如果不定式为不及物动词，则需保留介词。 She has a lot of work to do in the morning. 早上他有很多工作要做。 I need a pen to write with. 我需要一支笔写字。（介词with不能省略）

Do you want to see the doctor to be sent for from Beijing? 3)不定式做定语时一般修饰将要去做的事。 I worked so late in the office last night that I hardly had time to catch the last bus. 我几乎没有时间去赶上末班车。 Do you want to see the doctor to be sent for from Beijing? 你要见那位将从北京请来的医生吗？ The meeting to be held tomorrow is very important.

1)不定式可以用来做目的状语，相当于用in order to，so as to引导的目的状语。 不定式可作状语: 1)不定式可以用来做目的状语，相当于用in order to，so as to引导的目的状语。 Tim sat near the fire to get warm. 蒂姆为了取暖坐在火炉旁边。 “Why was the special meeting called?” “To elect the new officers (officials).” “为何召开这次特别会议？” “为了选举新的官员。”

Would you be so kind as to step this way, please? 2)不定式可以用来做结果状语，常用enough to，sufficient to，only to，never to，so + 形容词/副词 + as to引导。 Would you be so kind as to step this way, please? 请您从这边走好吗？ I tried the door, only to find it locked inside. 我要开门，却发现门被里面锁住了。 He is brave enough to go out alone at night

3)不定式可作原因状语,常放在表示心理感觉的形容词后 I am happy to see you. She was sad to hear the bad news.

4)不定式做状语时，其逻辑主语一般为句子的主语。 In order to be a good scientist, one must understand mathematics. 要成为一个出色的科学家，必须懂数学。 To learn English well, he needs a dictionary.

状语 分 词 不定式 其 逻辑 主语必 须与句子 主语保持一致 作其他状语 作目的状语 与主语为被动关系 与主语为主动关系 done doing 与主语为主动关系

Hearing the bad news, they couldn’t help crying. When they heard the bad news

Given more attention, the trees could have grown better. If they had been given more attention

They came into the classroom, singing and laughing. and they were singing laughing

To serve the people well, I study hard. In order to serve the people well

将下列状语从句改为非谓语 短语作状语： 1. Because she was moved by the hero, she decided to study harder. Moved by the hero,

2. When he found the door locked, he went home. Finding the door locked,

He started early in order that he could get there on time. to get there on time