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限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句 意义 描述主句所涉及的人 或物的具体情况, 是 主句不可或缺的一部 分, 若省去, 主句意 义不完整, 甚至没有 意义 对主句所描述的人或 物提供一些附加情况, 起补充说明作用, 若 省去, 主句意义仍完 整 结构 要求 紧跟先行词, 主句和 从句间不用逗号分开 主句和从句间用逗号 分开
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功能修饰先行词 既可修饰先行词也可 修饰整个句子 引导 词 关系代词 : who ， whom ， whose ， which ， that 关系副词： when ， where ， why 关系代词 : who ， whom ， whose ， which ， as 关系副词： when ， where
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This is the house (which) we bought last month. 这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。 The house, which we bought last month, is very nice. 这幢房子很漂亮, 是我们上个月买的。 The man (whom/that/who) I met in the street was a driver. 我在街上碰到的那个人是个司机。 His mother, who loved him very much, died in 1998. 他的母亲很爱他, 但在 1998 年去世了。
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注意 : ① 专有名词具有 “ 独一无二 ” 的含义, 通常只能由 非限制性定语从句修饰。 Lu Xun, who died in 1936, was a famous writer in China. 鲁迅于 1936 年去世, 是中国一位著名的作家。 ② 既可以作为限制性定语从句又可作为非限制性定语 从句, 注意意义上的差别。 There are 20 students in this class who are from the northeast of China. 在这个班里, 有 20 名来自中国东北的学生。 There are 20 students in this class, who are from the northeast of China. 这个班有 20 名学生, 他们来自中国的东北。
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( 一 ) 关系代词
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that
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关系副词 代替 功能 在从句中 的成分 例句 when( ＝ at/on/in/ during which) 时间 名词 时间状语 She still remember the day when (on which) she won the prize. 她仍然记得她 获奖的那一天。 where( ＝ in/at which) 地点 名词 地点状语 This is the factory where (at which) his father once worked. 这就是他父亲曾经工 作过的工厂。 ( 二 ) 关系副词
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why( ＝ for which) reason 原因 状语 He didn't know the reason why (for which) he was dismissed. 他不知道他为什么 被解雇了。
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注意 : ① 在口语和非正式场合, when, where 和 why 或 相当于关系副词的 “ 介词＋ which” 结构可用 that 来 代替并可省略。 Do you know anywhere (that) I can get a drink? 你知道在哪儿我能喝杯酒吗？
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② why 或 that 引导的定语从句, 先行词是 reason, 且 reason 又作主句主语时, 表语从句不能用 because 引导, 而要用 that 引导。其句型为： The reason why...is that... 或 The reason that...is that... 。 The reason why he was late for school was that he was injured in the traffic accident on his way to school. 他上学迟到的原因是他在上学路上的交通事故中受伤 了。 The reason that he explained at the meeting was that he had to look after his mother in hospital. 他在会上解释的原因是他不得不去照顾他住院的母亲。
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③ “ 地点模糊 ” 的先行词后跟 where 引导的定语从句。 当先行词为 point, situation, conditions, case, position, stage, scene, spot, activity, family, job 等 表示某人 / 物所处的情况、发展的阶段或表达某事的 某个方面时, 用 where 引导定语从句, where 相当于 from which, under which 等, 表示 “ 在这种情况下 ”, “ 从 …… 中 ” 等。 We’re just trying to reach a point where both sides will sit down together and talk. 我们只是尽力想能达到双方共同坐下来商谈的地步。
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( 三 ) 关系代词与关系副词的选择依据 1. 考虑代替先行词的关系词在从句中充当的语法 成分, 如果关系词在从句中作主语、表语、宾语 和定语, 就用关系代词；如果关系词在从句中作 状语, 就用关系副词。 The house Have you asked her for the reason needs repairing. 他住的房子需要修理。 where he lives which/that he lives in 你是否问过她缺席的原因？ that/which my explain her absence? why she was absent?
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2. 辨别先行词表示的是人、物、时间、地点还是原因。 I don’t like the man who always speaks ill of others. 我不喜欢总是说他人坏话的人。 I will never forget the days when we worked together. 我永远也忘不了我们在一起工作的日子。 3. 判断从句是限制性还是非限制性定语从句。 A dictionary is a book that gives the meanings of words. 词典是解释词语意思的书。 A dictionary is a book, which gives the meanings of words. 词典是一本书, 它给出词语的意思。
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4. 判断关系词在从句中作宾语还是作状语, 取决 于定语从句中的谓语动词。 This is the point where I disagree. 这就是我不同意的地方。 (disagree 为不及物动词, 故关系词用 where 。 ) This is the point (which/that) I disagree with. 这就是我不同意的地方。 ( 从句缺少介词 with 的宾 语, 用 that/which 引导, 也可以省略 )
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1. 只用 that 不用 which 引导定语从句的情况。 (1) 先行词前有序数词或形容词用最高级修饰， 或先行词本身就是序数词或形容词最高级时， 用 that 不用 which 。 The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben. This is the best film that I ever seen.
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(2) 先行词是不定代词 all, little, few, much, something, anything, everything, none, nothing, some 等时, 用 that 不用 which 。 Have you taken down everything that Mr Li said? 李老师讲的你都记下来了吗？ There seems to be nothing that is impossible to him in the world. 对他来说似乎世界上没有什么不可能的事。 All that can be done has been done. 所有能做的都做了。
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(3) 先行词被 all, every, no, some, any, little, much, one of, the only, the very, the right, the last, few, just 等修饰时, 用 that 不用 which 。 All the guests that were invited to her wedding were important people. 所有应邀来参加她婚礼的客人都是重要人物。 This is the very dictionary that I want to buy. 这正是我要买的词典。 Give me any books that you would recommend. 给我你要推荐的书。
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(4) 先行词既有人又有物, 兼顾两者, 用 that 不用 which 。 They talked about the persons and things that they remembered at school. 他们谈论着他们所能记起的在校时的人和事。 (5) 主句是以 who 或 which 开头的疑问句时, 用 that 不用 which 。 Who is the man that is standing by the gate? 站在门口的那个人是谁？ Which is the Tshirt that fits me most? 哪件 T 恤衫最合我的身？
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(6) 当先行词在主句中作表语, 而且关系代词在 定语从句中也作表语时, 用 that 不用 which 。 Shenzhen is no longer the city that it used to be. 深圳不再是过去的样子了。
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(7) 主句是 there be 句型时, 修饰主语的定语从句用 that 不用 which 。 There is a seat in the corner that is still free. 在那个角落还有一个座位空着。 (8) 有两个定语从句时, 一个从句的关系代词已用 which, 另一个要用 that 。 The country built up a factory which produces things that have never been seen before. 这个国家建立了一个生产以前从未见到过的东西的 工厂。
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(9) 用作关系副词, 修饰表示时间的名词, 如 day, time, moment 等代替 when 时, 用 that 不用 which 。 It happened on the day that (when) he was born. 这事碰巧发生在他出生的那天。
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2. 只用 which 不用 that 引导定语从句的情况 (1) 关系代词前有介词时, 用 which 不用 that 。 The chair on which she sat is made of wood. 她坐的那把椅子是用木头做的。 (2) 引导非限制性定语从句时, 用 which 不用 that 。 Football, which is a very interesting game, is played all over the world. 足球, 一项非常有趣的运动, 在全世界流行。
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(3) 先行词后面有插入语时, 用 which 不用 that 。 Here is the English grammar book which, as I've told you, will help you improve your English. 这就是我告诉过你的那本英语语法书, 它能帮你 提高英语水平。 (4) 先行词本身就是 that 时, 用 which 不用 that 。 What’s that which flashed in the sky just now? 刚才在天空中一闪而过的是什么？
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(5) 代表主句中谓语的整体概念时, 用 which 不用 that 。 He can swim in the sea, which I can’t. 他能在大海里游泳, 我不能 ( 在大海里游泳 ) 。 (6) 代表整个主句时, 用 which 不用 that 。 He broke my cup, which made me angry. 他打破了我的杯子, 这使我很生气。
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3. 只用 who 而不用 that 引导定语从句的情况。 (1) 先行词是指人的不定代词, 如 : one, ones, anyone, no one, those, all, nobody, anybody, none 等时, 用 who 不用 that 。 People all like those who have good manners. 人们都喜欢那些有礼貌的人。 (2) 在 there be 句型中, 多用 who 指代人。 There are some people who want to have holidays in Hainan. 有一些想去海南度假的人。
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(3) 当先行词指特定的人时, 关系代词多用 who, 不 指特定的人时, 多用 that 。 The aunt who came to see us last week is my father’s younger sister. 上周来看我们的姑姑是我父亲的妹妹。 (4) 在非限制性定语从句中作主语时, 用 who 不用 that 。 Professor Wang, who is over sixty, still works hard day and night. 王教授已年过六旬, 依然夜以继日努力工作着。
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(5) 当先行词有较长的后置定语或在被分割的定 语从句中时, 用 who 不用 that 。 Professor Smith is coming soon who will give us a talk on how to learn English. 史密斯教授不久就要来给我们作一场关于如何 学英语的讲座。
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4. of whom, of which 与 whose 的用法解析。 (1) whose 的用法 ① whose 引导定语从句, 后应紧跟名词, 构成名词 短语。 The boy, whose father is an engineer, studies very hard. 那位小男孩学习很努力, 他的父亲是位工程师。 ② whose 引导定语从句时, 先行词既可指人, 也可 指物。 The bicycle, whose brake was damaged, has now been repaired. 那辆自行车的闸坏了, 现在已修好了。
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③ whose 在定语从句中与它所修饰的名词一起可作介 词宾语, 可以与介词一起放在先行词与从句之间。在 whose 引导的定语从句中, 可用 of which 代替 whose, 但 词序不同, 即 “whose ＋名词＝ the ＋名词＋ of ＋ which” ； 而用 of whom 代替时只能指人, 有时可以与 whose 互换。 The boss, in whose factory Mary's father once worked, is kind to her. 老板对玛丽很好, 玛丽的父亲曾经在他的工厂工作过。 He lives in the room whose window (the window of which) faces south. 他住在窗户朝南的房间里。
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(2) 下列情况只用 of which 或 of whom, 而不用 whose 引 导定语从句。 ① 定语从句的主语是 some, many, few, little, much, most 等词时, 用 of which/whom, 不用 whose 。 Here are the questions, some of which I thought difficult for you. 就是这些问题, 我认为其中一些对你来说有难度。 Present at the meeting were almost experts on DNA, most of whom came from the USA. 出席会议的大多是 DNA 专家, 其中大部分来自美国。
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② 定语从句的主语是 all, both, neither, each, none 等词时, 用 of which/whom, 不用 whose 。 He has two sons, both of whom are doctors. 他有两个儿子, 都是医生。 I bought him two pieces of clothing, neither of which he likes. 我给他买了两件衣服, 他一件也不喜欢。 ③ 定语从句的主语是表示数量的词时, 用 of which/ whom, 不用 whose 。 Here are many books, two of which he borrowed. 这儿有许多书, 他借走了两本。
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5. as 与 which 引导定语从句的区别 as 与 which 都可以代指主句中的一部分或整个句子 的内容, 有时可以互换。 He married her, as/which was natural. 很自然地, 他和她结婚了。 as 的特殊用法： (1) as 引导的定语从句可以放在句首, 而 which 则不 能。 As is known to us all, China is developing rapidly. 众所周知, 中国发展迅速。
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(2) as 表示 “ 正如, 正像 ”, 而 which 无此意。 此时, as 从句中常有 know, expect, happen, point out, plan, suggest 等单词或短语。 He came back home late, as we expected. 正如我们所料, 他回家晚了。 注意 : as 引导的定语从句常见句式有： as is known to all( 众所周知 ), as is often the case( 经 常是这个情形 ), as is mentioned above( 如上所述 ), as is announced( 如宣布的那样 ) 。
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(3) 当先行词被 the same, such 修饰时, 定语从句 需用 as 引导。 It is such a difficult problem as none of us can work out. 这么难的一道题, 我们没人做得出。 He wears the same coat as I do. 他穿着跟我一样的外套。
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注意 : 当先行词被 the same 修饰时, that 也可引导定语 从句, 但意义有所不同。 the same...as 指同样或同 类的事物； the same...that 指同一个事物。 This is the same watch as I lost. 这块表与我丢的那块一样。 ( 不是同一块表 ) This is the same watch that I lost. 这就是我丢的那块表。 ( 是同一块表 )
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定语从句的用法较为复杂，高考除了单独考查定 语从句知识外，还常常结合句式结构、时态等来 综合考查。纵观近几年各地高考试题，不难发现 其考点主要包括： 1. 考查关系代词和关系副词的区分。如 : that, which 和 where, when 的区分 ; that, which 和 why 的 区分等。
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2. 考查 whose 的使用。 whose 可以指代人或物, 在 定语从句中作定语, 后跟名词。指物时, whose ＋ 名词＝名词＋ of which ＝ of which ＋名词。如： The classroom whose door/the door of which/of which the door is broken is on the second floor.
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3. 考查 as/which 引导的非限制性定语从句。尤其要重 视 which ， as 引导的非限制性定语从句和 it ， what 引 导的主语从句的区分。 4. 考查定语从句中的主谓一致现象。如： I, who am your close friend, will try my best to help you whenever you are in trouble. 5. 考查 “ 介词＋关系代词 ” 引导的定语从句。 “ 介词＋ 关系代词 ” 引导的定语从句，关系代词指人时用 whom ，指物时用 which ，不能用 that 。关系代词作 定语时也可用 whose 。如： The teacher in front of whose house stands a tall tree is very patient with his students.
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同时还要重视 “ 复杂介词或代词 ” 出现时与并列句的 区别。如： He loved his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him. ( 定语从句 ) He loved his parents deeply and both of them are very kind to him. ( 并列句 ) 此外， “ 介词＋ which ＋名词 ” 结构，也是一个较为特 殊的结构。如： He was very ill, in which case( ＝ and in this case) we sent him to hospital first.
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6. 考查一些特殊的先行词。如 : 当 situation, point, case, activity, scene 及 period, festival, occasion 等 出现时, 要注意具体情况具体分析 ; 作主语、宾语 和表语时, 用关系代词 that/which; 作状语时, 用关 系副词 where/when 或 “ 介词＋ which”, 表示在某种 特定的情形下。
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7. 考查定语从句、强调句、时间状语从句等的区别。 如： The news that he had passed the exam pleased him and his family. ( 同位语从句 ) The news (that) he told me this morning is not interesting. ( 定语从句 ) It was 1914 when the war broke out. ( 时间状语从句 ) It was in 1914 that the war broke out. ( 强调句 )
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从 A 、 B 、 C 、 D 四个选项中，选出可以填入 空白处的最佳选项。 1.Students should involve themselves in community activities _____ they can gain experience for growth. 2.A. who B. when C. which D. where D
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2. We’ll reach the sales targets in a month _____ we set at the beginning of the year. A. which B. where C. when D. what 3. The exact year _____ Angela and her family spent together in China was 2008. A. when B. where C. why D. which A A
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4. I borrowed the book Sherlock Holmes from the library last week, _____ my classmates recommended to me. A. who B. which C. when D. where 5. English is a language shared by several diverse cultures, _____ uses it differently. A. all of which B. each of which C. all of them D. each of them B B
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6. Among the many dangers _____ sailors have to face, probably the greatest of all is fog. A. which B. what C. where D. when A
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I. 用适当的关系词填空。 1. Julian worked in a company, ________ is named after his grandfather, who founded it. 2. I paid a visit to Brazil last year, ________ turned out to be a beautiful memory. 3. It’s the third in a sequence of three books, the first of ________ I really enjoyed. 4. No one would like to accept the blame for something ________ was someone else’s fault. which that
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5. We then moved to Paris, ________ we lived for six years. 6. The boy ________ I spoke to a moment ago is the son of my employer. 7. These people, ________ identities will be kept secret, will be paid $40 a day. 8. My sisters, ________ photos I showed you yesterday, will come to see us this evening. 9. Are we living in an age ________ everyone is encouraged to share their ideas on blogs? where who(m) whose when
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10. Laura was always helping her brother with his physics after school, ________, of course, made her parents very happy. 11. In old days, some schools wouldn’t admit the boys ________ families were poor. 12. The price of any product is linked to a complicated system of prices ________ everything depends on everything else. which whose where
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II. 用适当的 “ 介词 + 关系词 ” 填空。 1. It isn’t a subject ________ I devote a great deal of thought. 2. The woman ___________ Mike told me last Friday proved to be a cheat. 3. The man wrote a letter of thanks to the cleaner, ____________ help he couldn’t have found his lost money. 4. I’ve seen many films, ________ Titanic is the most wonderful and shocking one. to which about whom without whose of which
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5. This is the original novel ________ the world-famous film is based. 6. Her elder daughter, ________ she placed the greatest trust, failed to match her expectations. 7. Robert set up a KTV bar in the Fifth Street, ________ he invited all his friends. 8. The Bird’s Nest has a huge stage ________ Jackie Chan and Song Zuying have ever given their concerts. on which in whom to which on which
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III. 根据括号内的汉语提示用定语从句补全下 列句子。 1. An angry crowd surrounded the buses, _____________ ( 其中的大部分 ) were already full. 2. —How do you like the film Examination 1977, Mr. Li? —It brings the hours back to me ____________________________ ( 我被迫去 养猪的时候 ) in a faraway village. most of which when I was forced to raise pigs
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3. In my hometown, there is a mysterious lake, _________________________________ ( 湖 的深度从来都没有被测量过 ). 4. At Mr. Black’s, they chatted for an hour or so, ________________ ( 这段时间内 ) not even a coffee was offered. 5. The Smiths will move into their new house next month, ________________ ( 到那个时 候 ) it will be completely finished. whose depth has never been measured during which time by which time
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6. In the end, several people climbed up the hill, ________________ ( 在山顶上 ) they picnicked. on whose top
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