Module 2 Grammar.

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1 Module 2 Grammar

2 V-ing形式的用法 动词的 –ing形式是一种非谓语动词。 从性质上讲，动词的-ing形式相当于名词、形容词和副词。
因此它在句中可作主语、表语、定语、宾语

3 动名词作动词的宾语 英语中有相当一部分动词之后，只能用动名词作宾语。 课本14 页
英语中有相当一部分动词之后，只能用动名词作宾语。 课本14 页 But now, after two weeks, the class really likes working with her. I’ve always hated making mistakes or pronouncing a word incorrectly. There are a few students who keep coming to class late.

4 4. I think this is because he really enjoys teaching Chinese literature .
5. She avoids making you feel stupid. 6. And a few students even admit liking her.

5 下列动词或动词短语之后的动词宾语，只能用动名词形式 优化探究 25 页
下列动词或动词短语之后的动词宾语，只能用动名词形式 优化探究 25 页 考虑建议盼原谅consider \ suggest \ look forward to \ excuse 承认推迟没得想admit \ delay \ put off \ fancy 避免错过继续练avoid \ miss \ keep \ practice 否认完成停欣赏deny \ finish \ enjoy \ appreciate 不禁介意准逃亡can’t help \ mind \ allow \ escape 不准冒险凭想像forbid \ risk \ imagine

6 课本14 页 1 dislikes 或 hates 2 stop 或 keep 3 finished 4 practice 5 avoids

7 有些动词之后，既可接动名词ing，又可接动词不定式 to do，可把这类动词分成三类：
两种形式所表达的含义基本相同，可以 互换。 这类动词有： 1) start, begin, continue(继续), intend(打算) 2) need, want, require(需要)

8 She started to cry / crying.
她哭了起来。 Prices will continue to rise / rising. 物价将继续上扬。 What do you intend to do / doing next? 你下一步打算干什么？

9 注意： 探究点津部分 1) 以上第一类动词的进行时之后通常不用动名词，以避免两个-ing 形式重复。
注意： 探究点津部分 1) 以上第一类动词的进行时之后通常不用动名词，以避免两个-ing 形式重复。 It was beginning to snow. 开始下起雪来了。 这一原则不适用于那些只能用动名词做宾语的动词。

10 2) 上述词与know, understand, believe等状态的动词或与feel等知觉动词连用时，通常只用不定式to do形式：
She began to feel hungry. 她开始感到饥饿。 She continued to believe his story. 她继续相信他所说的事情。

11 need, require, want 等动词在表示 某物“需要被…时”，其后可接不定式或者动名词，
但是，必须接不定式的被动式，或者动名词的主动形式，意义不变。 The house needs painting / to be painted. 房子需要刷了。

12 2. 不定式和动名词所表达的含义略有变化。 I like playing football.
I like to play football. 我喜欢踢足球。(这项运动) 我想踢足球。(我此次的选择) I hate troubling people. I hate to trouble you. 我讨厌麻烦别人。 (这是我一贯的态度) 我很不愿麻烦你。 (一次性的行为)

13 结论： 用不定式作宾语时，表示特定的一次性的未来动作；用动名词则表示一般的一贯的行为，或者是目前正在进行的行为。常这样用的动词有：hate, like, love, prefer等。

14 3. 有些动词后面接不定式和接动名词，所表示的含义截然不同。
表示不定式动作发生在谓语动词之后 remember / forget / regret + 不定式： remember / forget / regret + 动名词： 表示动名词动作发生在谓语动词之前 Remember to mail this letter tomorrow. (记得去做) I remember mailing / having mailed it yesterday. (记得做过)

15 其它类似动词： The boy is trying to do the job well.
try to do 努力，尽力… try doing 试着，尝试 The boy is trying to do the job well. The boy is trying walking by himself. stop to do 停下来去干 stop doing 把…停下来 He felt rather tired, and stopped to drink something. It has stopped raining.

16 mean to do 打算，想要干… mean doing 意思是，意味着… She means to succeed. 她立意求成。 Fighting means killing. 战斗意味着杀戮。

17 动名词作介词宾语 优化探究 25 页 一般说来，介词后面都是用名词、动名词充当宾语。 be interested in doing
优化探究 25 页 动名词作介词宾语 be interested in doing as a result of doing because of doing stop sb. from doing pay attention to doing look forward to doing be used to doing 一般说来，介词后面都是用名词、动名词充当宾语。

18 25 页 英汉互译

19 动名词作作表语 用来说明主语的性质、特征、内容等。常用来修饰物，含有“令人……”的意思。
1.The classroom was amazing. 2.Today’s meeting was boring.

20 动名词作作定语 单个的-ing形式作定语时放在被修饰的名词之前。 -ing形式短语作定语时放在被修饰的名词之后，在意思上相当于一个定语从句。

21 It was an exciting lesson.
There are a lot of children swimming in the swimming pool. = There are a lot of children who are swimming in the swimming pool.

22 1. I can’t stand ___ with Jane in the same office
1. I can’t stand ___ with Jane in the same office. She just refuses ___ talking while she is working A. working; stopping B. to work; stopping C. working; to stop D. to work; to stop C

23 C 2. The man insisted ________ a taxi for me even though I told him I lived nearby. A. find                     B. to find             C. on finding      D. in finding

24 3. One learns a language by making mistakes and ________ them. A
3. One learns a language by making mistakes and ________ them. A. correct              B. correcting       C. corrects         D. to correct B

25 4. The ________ girl was last seen ________ near the park.
A. missing; playing         B. missing; to play C. missed; play            D. missed; to play A

26 5. The old man told the story in a ________ voice and the little girl felt very ________.
A. frightening; frightened             B. frightened; frightening C. frightening; frightening            D. frightened; frightened A

27 [高考真题] Look over there--there’s a very long, winding path _____ up to the house. (2011山东) A. leading    B. leads                C. led            D. to lead 解析：分析句子结构可知，a path与lead构成逻辑上的主动关系，故用leading。本句意思是：看那边 —— 那里有一条很长的蜿蜒曲折的通往那所房子的路。现在分词短语做定语。 A

28 B 2. Recently a survey ______ prices of the same goods in two different supermarkets has caused heated debate among citizens. (2011江苏) A. compared B. comparing C. compares D. being compared 解析：compare的动作是survey发出的，现在分词短语做后置定语。

29 [2012湖南卷] The lecture, ____ at 7:00 pm last night, was followed by an observation of the moon with telescopes. A. starting B. being started C. to start D. to be started 本题考查非谓语动词的用法。根据last night可知start已经发生，故排除C、D，不定式常表将来。B. being done，一般表进行，也排除。非谓语动词的主动语态和被动语态 ，现在分词作定语。 A

30 【2013湖南】25. The sun began to rise in the sky, ________ the mountain in golden light.    A. bathed    B. bathing    C. to have bathed   D. have bathed 【答案】B 【解析】考查非谓语动词。动词bathe与主语the sun之间为主动关系，且表示进行，故选B。

31 【2013北京】 ______ the course very difficult,
she decided to move to a lower level A. Find   B. Finding  C. To find  D. Found 【答案】B 【解析】考查非谓语动词。此处动词find与主语she为主动关系且作原因状语，故用现在分词finding。句意：（由于）她发现该课程很难，她就决定转到低一水平的（课程）。

32 [2014•北京卷] Last night, there were millions of people ________ the opening ceremony live on TV. A．watch  B．to watch C．watched  D．watching 考查非谓语动词。句意：昨晚有成百万的人看电视上直播的开幕式。watching引导的现在分词短语作定语，说明人们在做什么，与前面的people构成主谓关系。故选D。 D

33 [2014•山东卷] There's a note pinned to the door________ when the shop will open again.  A．saying      B．says     C．said      D．having said 考查非谓语动词。句意：门上别了一张便条写了商店再开门的时间。句子的主干是there's a note, pinned to是过去分词短语作定语，修饰note, say与note是主动关系，故用现在分词作定语，修饰note。故选A。 A