06 年高考语法复习系列十 冠 词
冠词考点及复习要点 冠词的考查是当前各地高考考卷中的热点,是我们 复习中的重点之一。冠词的考查以固定结构和习惯用语 为主,结合考查一些基本规则。所以我们在复习中要注 重教材中的语言点的整理,同时对下面的冠词规则也要 引起重视。 1 、不定冠词的用法比较; 2 、定冠词的习惯用法; 3 、零冠词的用法; 4 、在习惯用语中冠词的用法;
不定冠词的用法 考题点击 1 The Wilsons live in _____ A-shaped house near the coast. It is _____ 17 th century cottage. ( 04 浙江) A. the, / B. an, the C. /, the D. an, a D 该句意为 “ 威尔逊先生一家住在海边的一幢 A 型 房子里,那是一幢十七世纪的屋子。 ” 两处都表 示 “ 一幢 “ , A-shaped 是元音开头,该用 an ;而 seventeenth 是辅音开头,所以该用 a 。
考题点击 2 Mrs. Taylor has _____ 8-year-old daughter who has _____ gift for painting—she has won two national prizes. ( 05 浙江卷) A . a; a B . an; the C . an; a D . the; a C “Taylor 夫人有一个在绘画方面极有天赋的八岁 的女儿,她已经两次获得全国大奖了。 ” eight 是元音开头,所以该用 an ;而后面的 have a gift for 为一短语,表示 “ 在 … 方面有天赋 ” ,故 答案为 C 。
冠词是虚词,本身不能单独使用,也没有词义, 它用在名词的前面,帮助指明名词的含义。英语中 的冠词有三种,一种是定冠词( the Definite Article ), 另一种是不定冠词( the Indefinite Article ),还有一 种是零冠词( Zero Article )。 不定冠词 a (an) 与数词 one 同源,是 “ 一个 ” 的意思。 a 用于辅音音素前,而 an 则用于元音音素前。 1) 表示 " 一个 " ,意为 one ;指某人或某物,意为 a certain 。 A Mr. Ling is waiting for you.
2) 代表一类人或物。 A knife is a tool for cutting with. Mr. Smith is an engineer. 3) 词组或成语。 a little / a few / a lot / a type of / a pile / a great many / many a / as a rule / in a hurry / in a minute / in a word / in a short while / after a while / have a cold / have a try / keep an eye on / all of a sudden
定冠词的用法 考题点击 1 As a rule, domestic servants doing odd jobs are paid _______. ( 04 上海春季) A. by the hour B. by hour C. by an hour D. by hours A “ 按小时付费 ” ,以及其它用来表示 “ 按 … 计算 ” 都 需用介词 by 加 the 加单位名词来表示,如: by the day; by the jin; by the pound; by the dozen … 。 但需注意: size; weight; time; length … 等名词并 不表示单位,所以不需加 the 。
考题点击 2 On May 5, 2005, at ________World Table Tennis Championship, Kong Linghui and Wang Hao won the gold medal in men's doubles with ________ score of 4: 1. (05 江苏卷 ) A. a; a B. 不填 ; the C. a; 不填 D. the; a D “the World Table Tennis Championship” 是由普通名 词构成的专有名词,用来表示一个机构名称。这 类名词前都要加 the 。 “with a score of 4:1” 表示 “ 以 4:1 的比分 ” ,是一个介词短语结构。
考题点击 3 This book tells ________ life story of John Smith, who left ______ school and worked for a newspaper at the age of 16. ( 05 辽宁卷) A . the; the B . a; the C . the; 不填 D . a; 不填 C “ 这本书讲的是 John Smith 的人生故事 ” ,是特指 的,所以必须用 the 。 “leave school” 表示 “ 毕业 ” , 不用冠词。类似的用法还有: finish school; in class; at church; go to school … 等。
定冠词 the 与指示代词 this , that 同源,有 “ 那(这)个 ” 的 意思,但较弱,可以和一个名词连用,来表示某个或某 些特定的人或东西。 1 )特指双方都明白的人或物: Take the medicine. 把药吃了。 2 )上文提到过的人或事: He bought a house. I‘ve been to the house. 他买了幢房子。我去过那幢房子。 3 )指世上独一物二的事物: the sun , the sky , the moon , the earth
4 )与单数名词连用表示一类事物,如: the dollar 美元 ; the fox 狐狸;或与形容词或分词连用,表示一类 人: the rich 富人 ; the living 生者。 5 )用在序数词和形容词最高级,及形容词 only , very , same 等前面: Where do you live? I live on the second floor. 你住在哪?我住在二层。 That‘s the very thing I’ve been looking for. 那正是我要找的东西。 6 )与复数名词连用,指整个群体: They are the teachers of this school. 指全体教师 ) They are teachers of this school. ( 指部分教师 )
7 )表示所有,相当于物主代词,用在表示身体部位 的名词前: She caught me by the arm.. 她抓住了我的手臂。 8 )用在某些由普通名词构成的国家名称、机关团 体、阶级、等专有名词前: the People‘s Republic of China 中华人民共和国 the United States 美国 9 )用在表示乐器的名词之前: She plays the piano. 她会弹钢琴。 10) 用在姓氏的复数名词之前,表示一家人: the Greens 格林一家人 ( 或格林夫妇 )
11) 用在表示 “ 度量衡 ” 之类的名词前: Apples are sold by the pound. 但要注意在 time, weight, length 等名词前不加 the 。 12) 用在惯用语中: in the day, in the morning (afternoon , evening) ; the day after tomorrow ; the day before yesterday ; the next morning ; in the sky (water , field , country) ; in the dark ; in the rain ; in the distance ; in the middle (of) ; in the end ; on the whole ; by the way ; go to the theatre
零冠词的用法 考题点击 1 If you go by ______ train, you can have quite a comfortable journey, but make sure you get ______ fast one. ( 05 全国卷 3 ) A . the; the B .不填; a C . the; a D .不填;不填 B 在由介词 by 加表示交通方式的名词短语中,不 用冠词。但如果 by 不表示交通方式,而表示地 理位置,就需要加冠词了。如: by sea 乘船; by the sea 在海边
考题点击 2 It is often said that _____ teachers have _____ very easy life. ( 05 北京卷 ) A. 不填;不填 B. 不填; a C. the, 不填 D. the, a B teachers 是复数名词,用来表示类属,不加冠词。 只有在特定范围内的复数名词前才加冠词。 “have a … life” 是一个习惯短语,表示 “ 过着 … 的 生活 ” 。
考题点击 3 The warmth of _______ sweater will of course be determined by the sort of ______wool used. ( 01 全国) A. the; the B. the;/ C. /; the D. /; / B sweater 的保暖性能取决于使用哪一种类型的羊 毛。 the 加单数名词 sweater 表示一种类型;而羊 毛是物质名词,表示类属的物质名词不加冠词。
1 )国名,人名前通常不用定冠词: England , Mary ; 2 )泛指的复数名词,表示一类人或事物时,可不用定 冠词; They are teachers. 他们是教师。 3 )抽象名词表示一般概念时,通常不加冠词; Failure is the mother of success. 失败乃成功之母 4 )物质名词表示一般概念时,通常不加冠词,当表示 特定的意思时,需要加定冠词; Man cannot live without water. 人离开水就无法生存。
5 )在季节、月份、节日、 假日、日期、星期等表示 时间的名词之前,不加冠词; We go to school from Monday to Friday. 我们从星期一到星期五都上课。 6 )在称呼或表示官衔,职位的名词前不加冠词; The guards took the American to General Lee. 士兵们把这个美国人送到李将军那里。 7 )在三餐饭、球类运动和娱乐运动的名称前,不加 冠词 如: have breakfast , play chess 但如果三餐饭的名词前有形容词修饰,则需要加 冠词。如: have a big breakfast
8 )当两个或两个以上名词并用时,常省去冠词; I can‘t write without pen or pencil. 没有钢笔和铅笔,我就写不了字。 9 )当 by 与火车等交通工具连用,表示一种方式时, 中间无冠词; by bus , by train ; 10 )有些个体名词不用冠词;如: school , college , prison , market , hospital , bed , table , class , town , church , court 等个体名词,直 接置于介词后,表示该名词的深层含义; go to hospital 去医院看病 go to the hospital 去医院 ( 并不一定去看病 )
11) 不用冠词的序数词; a. 序数词前有物主代词 b. 序数词作副词 He came first in the race. c. 在固定词组中 at (the) first, first of all, from first to last 12 )在复习过程中注意不带冠词的短语和习惯用语。 13 )特别注意加冠词和不加冠词的意义区别。如: go to hospital --- go to the hospital at table --- at the table in charge of --- in the charge of out of question --- out of the question
不定冠词的位置 考题点击 1 ______ role she played in the film! No wonder she has won an Oscar. (2002 上海春 ) A. How interesting B. How an interesting C. What interesting D. What an interesting D 不定冠词常位于名词或名词修饰语前。但位于下 列形容词之后: such , what , many , half ,如: I have never seen such an animal. Many a man is fit for the job.
考题点击 2 We were in ________ when we left that we forgot the airline tickets. (2003 上海 ) A. a rush so anxious B. a such anxious rush C. so an anxious rush D. such an anxious rush D 当名词前的形容词被副词 as, so, too, how, however, enough 修饰时,不定冠词应放在形容 词之后: It is as pleasant a day as I have ever spent. So short a time. Too long a distance.
还需注意下面三个问题: 1 、 quite , rather 与单数名词连用,冠词放在其后。 但当 rather , quite 前仍有形容词,不定冠词放其前后均 可。如: quite a lot 2 、 在 as , though 引导的让步状语从句中,当标语为形 容词修饰的名词时,不定冠词放形容词后: Brave a man though he is , he trembles at the sight of snakes. 他尽管勇敢,可见到蛇还是发抖。 3 、当名词被比较级形容词修饰时,不定冠词通常置于 比较级形容词之后。
定冠词的位置 考题点击 1 He did it ____ it took me. (2003 北京 ) A. one-third a time B. one-third time C. the one-third time D. one-third the time D 定冠词通常位于名词或名词修饰语前,但放在 all , both , double , half , twice , three times 等词之后, 名词之前。 All the students in the class went out. 班里的所有学生都出去了。
06 年高考语法复习系列十 数 词
数词考点及复习要点 虽然数词并不是近几年的考查重点,但我们在 复习时还是需要搞清楚以下几个概念: 1 、数词的基本用法及比较; 2 、数词的位置; 3 、倍数词的表达习惯; 4 、在习惯用语中数词的用法;
数词的基本用法 考题点击 1 It is not rare in _____ that people in ____ fifties are going to university for further education. (99 上海 ) A. 90s, theB. the 90s, / C. 90s, theirD. the 90s, their D 表示 “ 几十岁 ” ;用 in one’s + 数词复数,如: He began to work in his teens. 表示 " 年代 " ,用 in +the + 数词复数;
数词的基本用法 考题点击 2 ____ of the land in that district _____ covered with trees and grass. ( 2000 上海 ) A. Two fifth, isB. Two fifth, are C. Two fifths, isD. Two fifths, are C 分数和百分数作主语时,关键是看其后的名词来 决定其谓语动词的数。该题中的是不可数名词, 所以动词需用单数。
数词的基本用法 考题点击 3 Americans eat ______ vegetables per person today as they did in (2002 上海春 ) A. more than twice B. as twice as many C. twice as many as D. more than twice as many D 倍数表示法: 主 + 谓 + 倍数 ( 或分数 )+ as + adj. (+ n.) + as I have three times as many as you.
其他用来表示倍数的方法: 1. 主 + 谓 + 倍数 ( 分数 )+ the size (weight , length…) of… The earth is 49 times the size of the moon. 地球是月球的 49 倍。 2. 主 + 谓 + 倍数 ( 分数 )+ 形容词 ( 副词 ) 比较级 + than… The grain output is 8 percent higher this year than that of last year. 今年比去年粮食产量增加 8% 。 3. 主 + 谓 + junior (senior)+ to He is five years senior to his younger brother.