環境因子對動物生產之影響 方煒 台大生機系

Engineering F undamentals ： part II Impact of Environmental factors to the animal Impact of Temperature Impact of Humidity Q T, Q s, Q L THI and MPD Impact of Air Velocity Impact of Radiation BGT and WBGT

Temperature LCT, Neutral zone, UCT Adapted from ASHRAE Fundamentals, 1999

Air temperature, o C Impact of Temperature Adapted from ASHRAE Fundamentals, 1999 Growth rate Energy Efficiency

Adapted from ASHRAE Fundamentals, 1999 From -14 to 24 o C No impact in MP

Milk Production Decline at T> 25 o C At 30 o C, MP reduced by 25% At 35 o C, MP reduced by 50%

Known facts Optimum Temperature zone for mature Holstein cows: 10 – 20 o C for new born: 10 – 15 o C Milk Production Decline at T>25 o C Temperature of Tainan, Taiwan (based on hourly weather data) –Probability of T<= 15 o C is 9.3% –Probability of T<= 20 o C is 27.68% –Probability of T > 25 o C is 39.63% –Probability of Twb >=25 o C is 32.1% –Probability of Twb >=26 o C is 20.27% –Probability of Twb >=27 o C is 9.02% –Probability of Twb >=28 o C is 2.15%

Impact of Humidity Tdb ( ℃ ) RH (%) Holstein Cow Jersey Cow Relative MP At high T, impact of RH is severe.

Total heat loss per unit body mass, in W/kg Adapted from ASHRAE Fundamentals, 1999

400 – 450 breeding age (20 months) Holstein Dairy Calf 600 kg Mature Adapted from ASHRAE Fundamentals, 1999

500 kg Cow = 1 kW heater, producing 1.2 kg 24 o C Adapted from ASHRAE Fundamentals, 1999

QTQT QSQS QSQS At high temperature, latent heat is dominated Heat Output: Q s +Q L =Q T Adapted from ASHRAE Fundamentals, 1999

At high temperature, heat dissipation is dominated by latent heat QTQT QTQT QLQL QLQL Adapted from ASHRAE Fundamentals, 1999

% of Q L in Q T Air temperature, o C QLQTQLQT Adapted from ASHRAE Fundamentals, 1999

At least kg of water evaporated from skin for 500 kg Calf per 30 o C Adapted from ASHRAE Fundamentals, 1999

At least 0.3 – 0.5 kg of water evaporated through respiration for 500 kg Calf per 30 o C Adapted from ASHRAE Fundamentals, 1999

Short Summary Q T = 1 kW for 500 kg cattle Q L /Q T = 70% - 100% when Tdb >30 o C Within Q L, through respiration: 20-25%, others through skin. Evaporative cooling method should not increase the humidity of the environment around cattle (0 to 1.5 meters above ground).

Index combining Temperature and Humidity THI = T (in o F) –0.55 * (100-RH%)/100 * (T – 58) (English unit) THI = Tdb (in o C) * Tdp (in o C) (Metric unit) Temperature Humidity Index (THI) T, TdbRH % TwbTdp THI 78.8 o F= 26 o C 45% 17.7 o C 13 o C THI=72.50 (Ingraham’s eq.) THI=71.88 (Armstrong’s eq.) 104 o F= 40 o C 100% 40 o C 40 o C THI=104 (Ingraham’s eq.) THI=95.6 (Armstrong’s eq.)

THI = f(Tdb, RH) THI

THI = f(Tdb, Twb) THI

Impact of Humidity Tdb ( ℃ ) RH (%) Holstein Cow Jersey Cow % Relative MP THI THI = 70, MPD occurred ， THI > 80, severe MPD MPD is not linear depend with THI.

THI>90, no recovery Adapted from ASHRAE Fundamentals,

MPD = NL (NL) (THI) THI increased, MPD increased. Especially severe for high NL cattle. Adapted from ASHRAE Fundamentals, 1999

Milk Production=f(HD74, HA80S) MP = – * HD74 – * HA80S where ， MP: Milk production (in kg/day/cow ) 21.48: daily production (in kg) per cow in normal weather condition HD74: total hrs of THI > 74 for previous 4 days HA80S: square of total hrs of THI > 80 for previous day Linvill and Pardue (1992)

Impact of Wind Velocity Wind Velocity10 o C26.7 o C35 o C 0.18 m/srMP =100% (Teq,wc=10) rMP =85% (Teq,wc=26.7) rMP =63% (Teq,wc=35) 2.44 m/s100% (8.3) 95% (26.2) 79% 4.02 m/s100% (5.3) 95% (25.4) 79% Wind Chill Index = ( *V 0.5 – V) * (33 – Ta) Teq,wc= *WCI+ 33 for 19.4 m/s > V > 1.8 m/s Teq,wc = Ta for V <= 1.8 m/s

Equilibrium Wind Chilled Temperature

Warm water inside

The Equilibrium Wind Chilled Temperature equation does not imply cooling to below ambient temperature, but recognizes that, because of wind, the cooling rate is increased as though it were occurring at the lower equilibrium wind chilled temperature under calm wind situation.

Impact of Radiation RadiationRelative MP Cal/cm2/minW/m o C21.1 o C26.7 o C % 92%

Black globe temperature (BGT) Index combining Temperature, Radiation and Wind but no Humidity. Used in studying the effects of shading and/or ventilation. Effects of forced ventilation on dairy cattle by Berman (1985). BGT <= 25, forced ventilation has no effect on reducing body temperature (BT) and rectal temperature(RT). At Tdb>36, the increase of RT is in direct proportion to the increase of BGT. With forced ventilation, the rate of rectal temperature increment can be reduced by half.

Index combining Temperature, Radiation, Wind and Humidity. Wet bulb globe temperature (WBGT) WBGT_indoor = 0.7 * Tnv,wb * BGT WBGT_outdoor = 0.7 * Tnv,wb * BGT * Tdb Determined by Heat Stress Division of U.S. Navy at the Naval Medical research institute in the study of suggested length of “stay-time” for an individual performing various tasks, under various physiological heat exposure limits (PHEL) Tnv,wbBGTTdb Heat Stress Monitor

光照對經濟動物 產能之影響

35 人 與 雞 對光的敏感度不同 人眼 的敏感度曲線 雞眼 的敏感度曲線

36 藍 / 綠光 藍光 藍 / 綠光與肉雞生長 綠光與藍光之 LED 燈泡，皆能促進白肉雞之生長， 但綠光所造成的刺激是在生長前期，而藍光卻是 在稍後的階段。白肉雞於孵化後，應是先照射 LED 綠光燈泡約 10 天，再接受藍光之照射。 節錄自 魏與周， 2010 發光二極體（ LED ）應用於家禽生產之研習

綠光 雛肉雞 雞胸肉 綠光的效果主要是在肌肉衛星細胞的增生與轉變。 雛雞於孵化後，位於肌肉中肌纖維（也就是肌細 胞）的數目已確定下來，不會再增加，只會變大， 除非肌肉細胞受損或其他因素，致使肌肉的衛星 細胞被致活，轉變成肌纖維，才會增加肌纖維。 雛雞照射綠光後，每公克肌肉之衛星細胞的數目 增加，而且衛星細胞上對生長激素之受納器之基 因表達增加。 飼養於綠光下雞隻的胸肉也較重，換言之，綠光 也有促進衛星細胞增生與轉變成肌纖維之效果。 37 節錄自 魏與周， 2010 發光二極體（ LED ）應用於家禽生產之研習

藍光 vs. 雄性白肉雞 藍光能刺激生長中雄性白肉 雞雄性素之分泌， 雄性素早已被證明能增加蛋 白質的合成， 達到促進蛋白質蓄積的效果。 38 節錄自 魏與周， 2010 發光二極體（ LED ）應用於家禽生產之研習

39 日長漸減的季節需補光

40 紅光與蛋雞生長

紅光 LED 放入耳內可催情 Dr. Israel Rozenboim 設計了一組小裝置，連結了紅色 LED 燈泡、定時器與電池，塞入鴕鳥的兩隻耳朵中，結 果讓正處於乏情期的母鴕鳥，產生了誘使公鴕鳥配種的 繁殖行為，其催情效果比起使用紅色鎢絲燈泡或紅色螢 光燈管之結果，要好太多了。火雞有相同效果。 長 660 nm 紅色光源，不僅可以刺激雌禽下視丘的 GnRH （激性腺素刺激素）、腦下垂體的 FSH （激濾泡素）、 LH （排卵素）之 mRNA 的表現，以及與排卵相關相關內 泌素如動情素、助孕素於血漿中之濃度，也抑制了與籟 抱相關、位於腦下垂體的泌乳素之 mRNA 的表現。 41 節錄自 魏與周， 2010 發光二極體（ LED ）應用於家禽生產之研習

綠光用於雞蛋孵化 綠光可刺激雞胚衛星細胞數目的增加， 對孵化後雛雞的生長有促進的效果。 42 照片提供 周楚洋

鹿茸生產

梅花鹿之自然季節性

自冬至起補光對鹿茸生產之影響

光照控制應用於鹿茸生產

牛乳、羊乳之生產

十篇研究均證實 長光照有助於提高產乳量

食肉生產

公羔羊暴露於不同光照期之 生長與採食量

結論

68 人 與 昆蟲 對光的敏感度不同 人眼 的敏感度曲線 昆蟲 眼睛的敏感度曲線

69 藍光燈管捕蟲

70 黃光燈管抑制害蟲活動與驅避

71 夜間點亮黃光的溫室內觀

72 夜間點亮黃光的溫室外觀

73 LED 光源應用於捕魚

不同波長的光線在不同水深 的相對光強度

75 蝦蟹魚貝類 夜間行為 觀察

76

人眼

不同波長的光線在不同水深 的相對光強度