文学经典与后现代解读 北京外国语大学英语学院 张剑 2009年8月15日

1、文学经典的定义 伟大的文学作品，经过时间的考验，具有永恒价值。 The Great Books: classic works from Homer to Goethe 仔细分析其作者、内容、出版、入选标准等

J. K. Rowling Shorten your first names, U.(Ursula) Le Guin, C.L. (Catherine Lucille) Moore, Use a man’s name, George Eliot, Georges Sands, Currer, Ellis, and Acton Bell (Bronte Sisters)

LeLoi Jones: White or Black? Names which do not show the racial identity or gender Imamu Amiri Baraka

What is an author like？ White Male Christian Upper class

Multiculturalism: English Writers from the Third World LeLois Johns J. M. Coetzee V. S. Naipaul Gwendolyn Brooks

传统的文学经典 M. H. Abrams, Norton Anthology of American Literature Compare the 4th edition with the 8th edition

文学选集: 扩大经典 Paul Lauter, Heath Anthology of American Literature Multicultural Orientation

多元文化主义的困境 Key authors – most of them Dead, White, European and Male – ought to be studied at school by virtue of the quality and intelligence and depth of their writing. But I don't believe in the modern anything-goes approach to teaching novels to children in school where literary merit is thought of less importance than "relevance" or "accessibility".

文学经典与文化 National cultures were predicated on the idea of a canon, a set of texts that everyone knew. In the case of Britain they included the Bible, Shakespeare and the great novels. The existence of a canon is essential to a culture. It means that people share a set of references and resonances, a public vocabulary of narratives and discourse. This shared inheritance is now being destroyed by multiculturalism and technology, satellite television and the internet in particular. ----Chief Rabbi, Jonathan Sacks

维护传统经典 哈罗德·布鲁姆： 《西方正典》江宁康译，译林出版社，2005

重读经典：个人与历史因素 “一千个读者，就有一千个哈姆莱特”。 ---托尔斯泰 每隔五十年，就有一位重要的批评家出现，来整理过去的文学，重新建立历史的秩序。 ---托·斯·爱略特 在这个过程当中，有些作家的声誉将会上升，有些作家的声誉将会下降，例如多恩、布莱克、密尔顿、雪莱等

后现代思想的特征 解构主义：去中心，去权威，消解绝对和唯一，以开放、自由为指归、游戏式思维方式 对约定俗成的概念提出质疑，或进行颠覆、否定：历史、父权制、帝国主义、资本主义

夏洛特 · 勃朗特《简爱》 英美十大经典爱情故事 Jane Eyre, the governess, falls in love with Rochester, her employer The marriage is interrupted by the fact that Rochester is married with a wife

阁楼上的疯女人 换位思考 简爱：第三者？ 爱上罗切斯特的钱和他的庄园。 罗切斯特的钱和庄园从何而来？ 女人怎么疯的？

吉恩 · 瑞斯《藻海无边》： 后殖民故事 At a Caribbean plantation , Rochester married Andoinette for her property They returned to England

《藻海无边》: 小说与电影

萨义德: 东方主义 西方眼光、西方立场 西方将自己的负面价值投射到东方 东方不是东方, 是西方的恐惧的投射

康拉德:《黑暗的中心》 非洲：刚果河 掠夺财富、象牙、矿藏等 代表文明、科学、进步 征服野蛮、落后、无知

帝国作家 Rudyard Kipling, 《吉姆爷》 E. M. Forster, 《印度之行》 Joseph Conrad, 《黑暗的中心》 William Somerset Maugham, 《面纱》

逆写帝国: 后殖民文学 Bill Ashcroft, The Empire Writes Back Edward Said， Culture and Imperialism Contrapuntal Reading（对位阅读）

殖民地作家 Doris Lessing, The Grass Is Singing V. S. Naipaul, The Guerrilla; Salman Rushdi, Satanic Verses; J. M. Coetzee, Disgrace;

莎士比亚：《暴风雨》 公爵被篡夺王位,来到一个小岛，征服了岛上的野人，成为岛屿的主人。 篡位的兄弟遇暴风雨，船舶沉没 被海浪冲上岛屿，良心发现，改过自新

政治斗争：争夺王位 篡位者在暴风雨中掉进大海 在大海的海水受到了净化 思想发生了大逆转 幻想重新发现人性的善

加勒比海版《暴风雨》 小岛的野人实际上就是殖民地的人民。 殖民与被殖民的斗争，征服与被征服的斗争 《鲁滨逊漂流记》

Aimé Césaire - Une tempête 颠覆西方中心主义 黑人与白人 西方与东方 文明与野蛮 进步与落后 基督教与异教

普契尼：《蝴蝶夫人》

D. Henry Hwang：M. Butterfly 从《蝴蝶夫人》到《蝴蝶君》 颠覆西方中心主义：性别、种族

逆写性别：女性主义 Sandra Gilbert & Susan Gubar, 《阁楼上的疯女人》 Toril Moi, 《性政治/文本政治》 Judith Butler， 《Bodies That Matter》

Elaine Showalter: 《她们自己的文学》 Collecting women’s literature and establish a women’s tradition the works of famous women writers beside those of the minor or forgotten, building a continuity of influence and inspiration as well as a more complete picture of the social conditions in which women's books have been produced

Kate Millet: 《性政治》 Images of women in male writers’ works: “angel of the house” and “fame fatale” "Sexual Politics" laid the foundation for subsequent feminist scholarship by showing how cultural discourse reflects a systematized subjugation and exploitation of women

《圣经:创世纪》Original Sin 夏娃：万恶之源

神话故事：Pandora‘s Box Pandora's Box, in patriarchal mythology, was the container of all evils, unleashed on mankind by the greatest evil of all - the first woman.

Orpheus and Eurydice

Orpheus and Eurydice Bring her back from the underworld On condition that he will not look back Finally she was forced to return 玛格丽特 · 阿特伍德版《奥弗尤斯》

The Odessey: Sirens

The Sirens Birds with female faces whose seductive songs lure unsuspecting sailors to the dangerous rocks 玛格丽特 · 阿特伍德版《塞壬之歌》

无声者的声音：受压迫群体

Marxist Criticism and New Historicist Reading 关注经典文学背后的下层人民 Raymond Williams’s Criticism of the Pastoral

华兹华斯：田园风光

The Leech Gatherer

The Leech Gatherer

The Cumbrian Shepherd

The Real Shepherd

Hard Work & Hard Life

David Simpson: Wordswoth and the Figurings of the Real The Romantic appropriation of the place Exclusive possession based on personal experience or private language

文学经典的后现代解读 充满了颠覆意识 关注被压迫全体 法对任何形式的压迫和剥削 实现公平和正义 语言角度来实现 从文本研究走向文化研究

英美诗歌选读 (高等学校英语专业系列教材) 选材上反映近年来英语文学研究的趋势 经典的扩大，收录不同背景作家的作品 作品题材的多样化，反映具有时代意义的话题

作品的多样性 Poetry of Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland Multicultural voices: African American, Chinese American, Spanish America, Native American Lyric, plus narrative, philosophical, satirical poetry

题材的思想性和时代性 Ben Jonson: Song: To Celia vs. The Noble Nature George Gordon Byron: She Walks in Beauty vs. The Isles of Greece Thomas Hardy: The Convergence of the Twin Love, plus war, death, nature, environment, feminlinity, identity, human nature, transcendence

形式和内容 诗歌体裁：Couplet, quatrain, sestet, actave, sonnet 诗歌音韵：Rhyme, rhythm, assonance, alliteration 修辞手段：Figures of speech: metaphor, simile, metonemy, personification, irony 意象与象征：Images and symbols 典故与引用：Allusions and references

英语诗歌与英语教育 英语所包含的语言特征、修辞手段、细腻的感情是英语语言丰富表现能力的集中体现。它常常用最少数量的文字表现最大数量的含义，它的内容比其他文体更集中、更凝练。 诗歌的字里行间都充满了意义，弦外之音、话外之意，它使人们对英语的多种表达手法更加敏感，对英语的特殊表达方式更加熟悉。

谢 谢 2009年8月15日