四级词汇、结构的答题技巧 四级强化辅导
一、四级考试对词汇和语法有何要求? 《大学英语四级考试大纲》规定:大学英语四级考试的词汇和语法结构部分就是“考核学生对语法结构和词语用法的掌握程度”。 “领会式掌握4200单词(其中复用式掌握的单词为2500)以及一定量的常用词组,并且有按照基本构词法识别生词的能力”。 进一步巩固和加深学习的语法项目,包括基本句型、句子成分、词类、各种从句、倒装、省略、句型转换、构词法、标点等,但是在语法结构测试中主要涉及时态、语态、虚拟语气、非谓语动词、连词、介词、比较级、一致关系、词序等几个方面。
二、四级词汇和语法题的形式与特点如何 1.词汇题的形式与特点 A. 语义题可再分成同义词、近义词类和相似词类两种形式。 a. 同义词、近义词类 在解这类试题时,应当首先从词汇的意义入手,了解词 义的内涵和用法,注意结合具体的语言环境,掌握词义在具体的文章、段落和句子里的特殊 用法,从而分辨和体会其区别。 b. 相似词类 相似词容易混淆,这类词的误用主要是由于拼法相近、词根相同和不规则变化中有相同拼法而引起的。
B. 搭配题 a. 短语动词类 熟记并学会使用一定数量的动词与介词、副词或名词的搭配。 b. 名词短语类 常跟名词搭配的介词有on, to, in, from, with等。 c. 形容词短语类 常与形容词 搭配的介词有 to, with, for, at, from, in, of, about等。 d. 介词短语或短语介词类
2. 语法结构题的形式与特点 A. 时态题 B. 非谓语动词题 C. 虚拟语气题 D. 情态动词题 2. 语法结构题的形式与特点 A. 时态题 B. 非谓语动词题 C. 虚拟语气题 D. 情态动词题 E. 连词题 F. 固定的句型、搭配和词序题
A. 时态题 时态测试主要要求考生掌握几种常见但易错的时态,如完成时(现在完成时、过去完成时、将来完成时),进行时态(现在进行时、过去进行时、将来进行时、完成进行时)、一般时态等。 英语动词从是否跟宾语的角度来看,应该分为两种,即不及物动词和及物动词。不及物动词只有主动语态。及物动词有两种语态:主动语态和被动语态。任何一个及物动词不是使用主动语态,就是使用被动语态,没有语态的及物动词是不存在的。时态测试实际上也同时测试语态。
B. 非谓语动词题 大学英语四级考试语法结构题中的另一主要内容是动词的非谓语形式,它包括动名词、不定式、现在分词和过去分词。动词的非谓语形式变化大、考点多,是多数学生在英语学习和考试中的一大难点。做此类试题时,应做到思路明确,按照非谓语形式的规则和用法,有步骤、有条理地进行判断和选择。
C. 虚拟语气题 虚拟语气是英语学习中的一个难点,也是大学英语四级考试的一个必测项目,测试内容涉及到虚拟语气的方方面面――从在含非真实条件句的主从句的应用,到在各种从句(主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句、状语从句、定语从句)中的应用。 由于虚拟语气表达的是一种与事实相反的行为或状态,是一种假设,可以表示建议、愿望、劝告等,所以其谓语动词的变化不同于陈述语气。这也是学生感到困惑和容易出错的地方。做此类试题时,关键是要迅速发现解题信息词,确定虚拟语气类型,然后按各类虚拟语气的特定表达方式或根据结构或题句中其他暗示,确定动词的形式。
D. 情态动词题 在大学英语四级考试中,情态动词部分一般重点测试: ①情态动词+动词不定式的完成式; ② 某些情态动词的特殊用法。
E. 连词题 连词(包括并列连词、关联连词和主从连词)是大学英语四级考试中的必测部分和难点。 此类试题一般有两种形式: ①结构型试题。解题时先从结构上入手,看是否有要求与选项中某个词构成固定搭配的关联词,或看句子中某个词或短语已暗示出选项中的连接词; ②逻辑句意题。解题时,要确切理解句子的逻辑意思,才能作出正确的选择。
F. 固定的句型、搭配和词序题 固定的句型、搭配和词序题是大学英语四级考试的一个组成部分,包括英语基本句型(如强调句、倒装句)、平行结构和词序等。
三、如何巧解词汇和语法题? 大学英语四级考试的词汇和语法结构部分具有覆盖面广、重点突出、灵活多变等特点。因此,学生要想取得较好成绩,在必须拥有扎实的语法知识,掌握相当量的词汇的同时,熟悉一些相应的解题技巧,则如虎添翼。下面就词汇和语法结构试题介绍几种常见的行之有效的解题技巧。
领会四级词汇 学会猜词
1、词汇的考查重点 1)动词,名词与介词的搭配如:popular/patient+with;yield/solution/adapt/transfer/access+to;accuse/require+of;charge+for;under+discussion等等。 2)习惯用法如:confess to/set about/be used to+doing;be supposed to/have/make sb.+do等。
3)由同一动词构成的短语如:come,go,set,break等构成的短语。 4)单个的动词,抽象名词,形容词和副词多以近义词、同义词的形式出现。 5)介词短语在句中作状语如:in terms of;with the exception of;in vain等,另外还应注意rather than,other than,such as,none/ nothing+but等词在考题中的出现。 6)近年来考题中的新趋势为:若干考点混合出现:一些交际用语也时常出现在考题中。
2、猜词技巧 阅读材料中的每个词与它前后的词语或句子甚至段落有着互相制约的关系。我们可以利用语境(各种已知信息)推测、判断某些生词的词义,主要线索如下: 1)、针对性解释 针对性解释是作者为了更好的表达思想,在文章中对一些重要的概念、难懂的术语或词汇等所作的解释。这些解释提供的信息具有明确的针对性,利用它们猜词义比较容易。
根据定义猜测词义 如果生词是句子或段落所解释的定义,理解句子或段落本身就是推断词义。 例如:Anthropology is the scientific study of man. In slang the term “jam” constitutes a state of being in which a person finds himself or herself in a difficult situation. 定义句的谓语动词多为:be, mean, deal with, be considered, to be, refer to, be called, be known as, define, represent, signify, constitute等。
B. 根据复述猜测词义 虽然复述不如定义那样严谨、详细,但是提供的信息足以使读者猜出生词词义。复述部分可以是适当词、短语或是从句。
同位语 "Semantics, the study of the meaning of words, is necessary if you are to speak and read intelligently. “ Capacitance, or the ability to store electric charge, is one of the most common characteristics of electronic circuits. 同位语前常有or, similarly, that is to say, in other words, namely, or other, say等副词或短语出现。
定语从句 Krabacber suffers from SAD, which is short for seasonal affective disorder, a syndrome characterized by severe seasonal mood swings.
C. 根据举例猜测词义 恰当的举例能够提供猜测生词的重要线索,例如: The consequences of epochal events such as wars and great scientific discoveries are not confined to a small geographical area as they were in the past.
2)、内在逻辑关系 根据内在逻辑关系推测词义是指运用语言知识分析和判断相关信息之间存在的逻辑关系,然后根据逻辑关系推断生词词义或大致意义。
A. 根据对比关系猜测词义 在一个句子或段落中,有对两个事物或现象进行对比性的描述,我们可以根据生词或难词的反义词猜测其词义。例如: Andrew is one of the most supercilious men I know. His brother, in contrast, is quite humble and modest. 表示对比关系的词汇和短语主要是unlike,not,but,however,despite,in spite of,in contrast 和while 引导的并列句等。 “A good supervisor can recognize instantly the adept workers from the unskilled ones.”
B. 根据比较关系猜测词义 同对比关系相反,比较关系表示意义上的相似关系,例如: “Green loves to talk,and his brothers are similarly loquacious.” 表示比较关系的词和短语主要是similarly,like,just as,also等。
C. 根据因果关系猜测词义 在句子或段落种,若两个事物、现象之间构成因果关系,我们可以根据这种逻辑关系推知生词词义。例如: “Tom is considered an autocratic administrator because he makes decisions without seeking the opinions of others.” There were so many people in the Red Square that he had to elbow his way through the crowd.
D.根据同义词的替代关系猜测词义 在句子或段落种,我们可以利用熟悉的词语,根据语言环境推断生词词义。例如: 在句子或段落种,我们可以利用熟悉的词语,根据语言环境推断生词词义。例如: “Although he often had the opportunity, Mr. Tritt was never able to steal money from a customer. This would have endangered his position at the bank, and he did not want to jeopardize his future.” “Doctors believe that smoking cigarettes is detrimental to your health. They also regard drinking as harmful.”
3、外部相关因素 外部相关因素是指篇章(句子或段落)以外的其他知识。有时仅靠分析篇章内在逻辑关系无法猜出词义。这时,就需要运用生活经验和普通常识确定词义。例如: Husband:It’s really cold out tonight. Wife: Sure it is. My hands are practically numb. How about lighting the furnace? The snake slithered through the grass.
4、在猜测词义过程中,除了使用上面提到的一些技巧,我们还可以依靠构词方面的知识,从生词本身猜测词义。
A. 根据前缀猜测词义 例:He fell into a ditch and lay there, semiconscious, for a few minutes. I’m illiterate about such things.
B.根据后缀猜测词义 例:Insecticide is applied where it is needed. Then the vapor may change into droplets.
C.根据复合词的各部分猜测词义 例:Growing economic problems were highlighted by a slowdown in oil output. Bullfight is very popular in Spain. 在实践中,应灵活运用上面提到的几种猜测技巧,排除生词的障碍,顺利理解文章的思想内容,提高阅读速度。
常用同根异义词辨析 练习详解
animal, animate, animated e.g. Animate nature means all living plants and animals. I had rarely see him so animated.
appreciate, appreciable, appreciative e.g. There is an appreciable difference between the two cars. I appreciate your problem, but I don’t think I can help you.
awake, awaken, awakening e.g. They aren’t awake yet. We awakened to find the others had gone.
benefit, beneficent, beneficial e.g. Sunshine is beneficial to plants. A change in the law would be to one’s benefit.
character, characteristic e.g. All these are characteristics of imperialism. That is the Swiss national character.
compare, comparable, comparative comparable:”可比较的,适合相比的” 常与to连用 comparative:比较的,相对的 e.g. This dinner is comparable to the best French cooking. If you compare their work, you will find his is much better.
comprehend, comprehensive, comprehensive comprehensible:“可以理解的”常与to连用 e.g. It is not comprehensible to ordinary minds. She has a comprehensive grasp of the subject. I can’t comprehend how you could have been so stupid.
concern, concerned, concerning concerning : 介词,等同于regarding, considering e.g. The speech which he made concerning the project has bothered me greatly. Our losses are beginning to concern me.
confide, confidence, confident confide: “吐露”,与介词in连用, 意思“充分信赖” confidence:信任,信心 confident:确信的,有信心的,自信的 词组搭配: in confidence: 私下地,秘密地 take into one’s confidence: 把… 作为知己 e.g. We need a chairman in whom everyone has confidence. There is no one here I can confide in.
continue, continual, continuous e.g. Our journey was slow because the train stopped continually at different village. Wet weather may continue for a few more days.
consider, considerable, considerate, consideration , concerning considerate: “体贴的,体谅的”等同于thoughtful be considerate of :为……着想, 考虑到 consideration:名词,“考虑, 深思, 体谅” take into consideration : 考虑到, 顾及 considering :介词,“鉴于” e.g. These books were very dear to him and he bought them at considerable expense when he was studying abroad.
differ, different, differential different:“差异的,不同的”,短语为 “be different from” differential :有区别的,鉴别性的 e.g. They pay differential rents according to their income. The brothers differ widely in their tastes.
distinct, distinctive distinct:指人表示思想,概念清楚明白;指物表示容易让人看到或感受到 e.g. He could not give a distinct explanation of his intention. Soldiers wear distinctive uniforms.
distinguish, distinguished, distinguishable e.g. I think gray hair makes you look rather distinguished. Tom is hardly distinguishable from his twin brother. Speech distinguishes human beings from the animals.
economy, economic, economical, economics economical:指“节约的,节俭的”,多指费用或开支上的节省,常做表语或定语,当表节省的具体内容时,其后用of 连接。 economics:经济学 e.g. The car is quite economical of petrol. It seems to me that much of her difficulties are economic.
worth, worthy, worthwhile 辨析 : worth不可做定语,worthy和worthwhile可做定语,但worthy还有 “配得上,可尊敬”之意。三个词都可作表语,但worth后接动名词,价钱或代价等类似的词,其他两个则无此用法。worth接动名词的主动形式表示被动意义;worthy of 根据需要可接动名词的被动式,worthy和worthwhile都可接动词不定式 。 e.g. The film is worth seeing. The factor is worthy to be considered. This story is hardly worthy of belief. It isn’t worthwhile to ask him to join the club. The old book is worth 300 dollars.
exhaust, exhausted, exhausting, exhaustive e.g. Operation which left patients exhausted and in need of long period of recovery time now leave them feeling relaxed and comfortable. The long cycle exhausted me.
history, historic, historical historic :“具有历史意义的,历史性的”,指famous or important in history,如a historic occasion 具有重大历史意义的场合 historical :“历史上的,史学的”, 指based on history 或involving history 与历史有关的,属于过去的,如a historical novel 历史小说, historical studies 史学研究。
illustrate, illustrative, illustrious e.g. These words should be given with illustrative examples. Hercules was one of the most illustrious heroes of ancient times. This behavior illustrates your selfness.
imagine, imaginary, imaginative, imaginable e.g. He had suffered all his life from imaginary ailments. We had the greatest difficulty imaginable getting here in time. He is an imaginative writer.
just, justified, justice justified:“有正当理由的 事出有因的”,常用短语为“be justified in ” Justice :名词 “正义 公正 ”,常用短语为do justice to “公平地对待,公正地判断,”bring to justice “把交付审判,公正地评判” e.g. John just managed to pass the exam. He is fully justified in doing so. To do her justice , she is a good-natured woman.
live, alive, living, lively live:作形容词,“活的 ,有生命的”,一般作定语。此外,还有“现场的,直播的”意思。e.g. “The cat is playing with a live mouse.” alive :“活的,有生命的”,一般作表语。如“His parents are still alive .” living :活着的,尤指现存的,既可作定语,也可作表语,如“living creature ”或“He is still living ” lively :充满活力的,活泼的,逼真的。 e.g. She is as lively as a kitten.
oblige, obliged, obliging, obligatory e.g. I am obliged to you for helping us. Serving in the armed forced is not obligatory for women. The law obliges parents to send their children to school.
perish, perished, perishable, perishing perished :“极不适,极难受”,常构成“be perished with ” perishable:易腐的,易坏的 perishing : 极冷的 e.g. Perishable food should be stored in a refrigerator. It is perishing out there. Thousands of people perished in the earthquake.
practice, practical, practicable, practiced e.g. The remedy which is proposed is simple ,easy and practicable. He performed the job with practiced skill.