以德行論探討倫理議題 之優勢與限制 蔡慧姬

綱要 Foreword The Rise of Virtue Ethics What is Virtue Ethics? Strength of Virtue Ethics ？ Weakness of Virtue Ethics？

前言 Revitalization of virtue ethics in 20th century Modern Moral Philosophy in 1958 Work on virtue-based approaches began until the early 1980s Now be recognized as an alternative to the mainstream of ethics

The Rise of Virtue Ethics 德行倫理緣由 Dissatisfaction with mainstream ethics theories 對目的論和義務論的不滿 Reaction to consumerist movement in health care 消費者健康照護需求改變

Dissatisfaction with mainstream ethics theories (1) Consequentialist and Kantian theory 1.只重視義務和道德原則： 似乎道德生活的主要工作就是應用原則 “我應該做什麼？” 2.道德原則：過於抽象、模糊不清

Dissatisfaction with mainstream ethics theories (2) 3. 正確、錯誤、義務、可允許等詞彙 4.忽略了人與人之間的關係 5.功利論述倫理的議題 6. 不強調生活中良善的動機

Reaction to consumerist movement in health care 尊重病人自主權 重要的內在特質 病人的代言人 必須以病人的立場去思考

What is Virthe Ethics?

Six keys of Virtue Ethics? (1) An action is right if and only if it is what an agent with a virtuous character would do in the circumstances. 一個具有道德人格的人在不同情境之下都會表現出正當的行為

Six keys of Virtue Ethics? (2) Aristotelian - The virtues are character traits which we need to live humanly flourishing. Foot(1978)&Hursthouse(1987) -Benevolence and justice are virtues which includes friendship, integrity and knowledge 德行是一種人格的特性，我們需要這種這性，讓生活更至善幸福 2兩位學者表示公正與仁慈是德行（包括友善誠實及知識）

Six keys of Virtue Ethics? (3) Micheal Slote(1992) -The virtues from our common sense view about what character traits we typically find admirable 德行是一種日常生活的常識，追求獲得景仰及敬佩

What is Virtue Ethics？（4） The virtues are objectively good. Based on connections with essential human characteristics Admirable Agent desires

What is Virtue Ethics？ (5) Goodness is prior to rightness. Contrary to deontology & Kantianism Also found in utilitarianism- Consequentialist theories generally

What is Virtue Ethics？（6） The virtues are irreducible（無法減小） plural intrinsic （多元的內在 ） goods. Cannot reduced to a single underlying value Not merely for their good consequences (such as knowledge and accomplishment)

What is Virtue Ethics？（7） Some intrinsic goods are agent-relative. Agent-neutral Count for the same in justification, whether my good or someone else’s Agent-relative value Relationship is my friendship is itself a morally relevant feature.Moral weight in justifying what I do.

What is Virtue Ethics？（8） Action rightly does not require that we maximize the good. Aspire to a level of human excellence. Required to have of the very best possible consequences we can have. 德行論所要求的善是最優的善（excellent）而非要求最大最好的結果（the very best possible consequences）道德上正確的行為在於維護或促進價值的實現，重視真善而非結果之量化多寡。

Virtue Ethics Approaches to Bioethics Abortion Euthanasia Practice of health care

Abortion Hursthouse: The morality of abortion depends on the sort of character which a woman manifests in deciding to have an abortion in her particular circumstance 墮胎行為是否符合倫理道德，主要取決於接受墮胎者是否明白其所處的特殊情境 Abortion involves cutting off a new life, which in most circumstance should be regard as a morally serious matter

Euthanasia Philippa Foot In normal circumstances, both justice and charity require us not to kill people, and not let people die. Further, where someone whose life lacks a minimum of basic human goods (autonomy, friendship and moral support) expresses a sincere require to be killed. Both justice and charity would permit such an action. 當個體缺少人類基本的幸福，安樂死是被允許的

Practice of health care Examine issues with doctor-patient relationship. The sorts of character traits which are crucial for a doctor in the relationship. such as honesty, compassion, integrity and justice. 醫病關係的建立主要受醫師的人格特性影響

Criticisms of Virtue Ethics Whether the notion of virtue is clear or detailed enough to serve as the basis of a criterion of rightness ‧The criterion of rightness is too vague ‧There is a plurality of virtuous character traits and not all virtuous people seem to have these traits to the same degree. 如果不知道怎樣算是一個有德性的行為者，那該如何去訂定甚麼是基本的德性？ 如果不知道甚麼是對的行為，那麼是否可能建立德性行為者的標準？ 德行的概念是否詳細清楚以作為公正的標準

Criticisms of Virtue Ethics1 what a certain person would do

Criticisms of Virtue Ethics2 novice doctors and lawyers (舉例1) courts (舉例2)

Criticisms of Virtue Ethics3 less precisely specifiable less easily applicable

Criticisms of Virtue Ethics4 癌末病人(舉例1) 同情心的父親(舉例2)

結論 只有人格特質沒有原則是盲目的 只有原則而沒有人格特質是無能的