非谓语动词 Non-Predicate Verbs 不定式、动名词和分词 Infinitives, Gerunds and Participles 增加关于不定式的用法讲解，尤其是作主语和作状语的用法。独立结构还可以再讲详细点。

非谓语动词作主语 Non-predicate verbs as the subject 不定式和动名词可以在句中充当主语，但分词不可以。 现在分词和动名词的区别：e.g. a walking stick vs. a walking man 不定式一般表示具体或一次性动作，而动名词则表示一般或抽象的多次动作。

___ is not a serious disadvantage in life. A) To be not tall B) Not to be tall C) Being not tall D) Not being tall 

不定式和动名词都可以用it来代替作形式主语，但在含有no, -less等否定词的句子里， 常用动名词作主语。 It is difficult to finish the work in one hour. It is useless talking with her. It is no good discussing with her. 含否定意义的短语如：no use, such a pity, a waste of time, not an easy task.

如果主语和表语都是非谓语动词，两者应保持同样的形式（平行结构）。 To see is to believe. Seeing is believing.

非谓语动词作宾语 Non-predicate verbs as the object 不定式和动名词可以在句中充当宾语，但分词不可以。 不定式表示“未完成的”或者“未发生的”动作，动名词表示“已完成的”或“已发生的”动作。 有些词如like, hate, prefer 后面，若表示一般倾向，多用动名词，若表示特定的具体的行为，多用不定式。

I don’t regret ____ the offer, for it was not where my interest lay. A) not to accept B) not having accepted C) having not accepted D) not accepting

非谓语动词作补语 Non-predicate verbs as the complement The Minister of Finance is believed ____ of imposing new taxes to raise extra revenue. A) that he is thinking B) to be thinking C) that he is to think D) to think

非谓语动词作状语 Non-predicate verbs as the adverbial 主语应与分词保持一致。 ？Hearing the terrible news, her eyes were filled with tears. 非谓语动词作主语和状语时，若要使用其否定形式，则需要将否定词放在整个非谓语动词结构之前。

____, he can now only watch it on TV at home. A) Obtaining not a ticket for the match B) Not obtaining a ticket for the match C) Not having obtained a ticket for the match D) Not obtained a ticket for the match

当不定式和分词有了自己的主语，便构成了不定式和分词的独立结构。 We divided the work, he to clean the table and I to move the box. (表伴随情况)

现在分词的独立结构 Absolute Construction of present participles 1) 表时间。 The dark clouds having dispersed, the sun shone again. 2) 表原因。 The monitor being ill, we’d better put the meeting off.

3) 表条件。 Time permitting, we will have a meeting. 4) 表方式和伴随情况。 Their room was on the third floor, its window overlooking the playground. He guiding her, they stumbled through the street.

现在分词独立结构之前可用介词with, 比较口语化。 With Mr. Ade taking the lead, they decided to set up a trading company. We went into a large waiting room with a large fan spinning overhead.

过去分词的独立结构 Absolute Construction of past participles This done, we went home. All our savings gone, we started looking for jobs. It rained and rained, vehicles bogged down and bridges washed out.

Practice There are only ten apples left in the baskets, ____ the spoilt ones. A) not counting B) not to count C) don’t count D) having not counted

What’s the chance of ________ a general election this year? A. there being B. there to be C. there be D. there going to be If not ____ with the respect he feels due to him, Jack gets very ill-tempered and grumbles all the time. A. being treated B. treated C. be treated D. having been treated

Agriculture is the country’s chief source of wealth, wheat ____ by far the biggest cereal crop. A. is B. been C. be D. being  AIDS is said ___ the number-one killer of both men and women over the past few years in that region. A. being B. to be C. to have been D. having been 

There___ nothing more for discussion, the meeting came to an end half an hour earlier. A. to be B. to have been C. being D. be ___ at in this way, the present economic situation doesn’t seem so gloomy. A. Looking B. Looked C. Having looked D. To look

The three men tried many times to sneak across the border into the neighboring country, ___ by the police each time. A. had been captured B. being always captured C. only to be captured D. unfortunately captured

____ enough time and money, the researchers would have been able to discover more in this field. A) Giving B) To give C) Given D) Being given

The opening ceremony is a great occasion. It is essential ____ for that. A) for us to be prepared B) that we are prepared C) of us to be prepared D) our being prepared

It is not uncommon for there ____ problems of communication between the old and the young. A) being B) would be C) be D) to be