1、 choroid of eyeball 一、Single Choice Questions A. occupies posterior five-sixths of middle tunic and is white in colour B. outer surface is covered by pigment cell layer of retina C.  inner surface is close to sclera D.  supplies the nutrition E.  receives stimulation of light

2、 ciliary body A. is posterior extension of choroid B. located on external surface of junction of cornea and sclera C. is the thickest part of middle tunic D.constriction of ciliary m. tenses ciliary zonule E.constriction of ciliary m. decreases convexity of lens

3、 iris A.  is the largest part of middle tunic B. divides chamber of the eye into anterior and posterior chambers C. iris and sclera meet to form angle of anterior chamber D. Has the function of refracting light E.  is colourless and transparant

4. The ascending tract in the spinal cord is A. spinothalamic tract B.  anterior corticospinal tract C. lateral corticospinal tract D. rubrospinal tract E.  vestibulospinal tract

5. The fasciculus gracilis A.  extends the whole length of the spinal cord B.  lies in the lateral part of the posterior funiculus C. transmits the proprioceptive sensation of the contralateral lower limb D. transmits the proprioceptive sensation of bilateral （双侧） lower limb E. transmits the proprioceptive sensation of homolateral（同侧） trunk and limbs

6、In adult, the lower end of spinal cord is at the level of   A. inferior border of L1 B. superior border of L1 C. inferior border of L2 D. superior border of L2 E. superior border of L3

7、The position of the 10th thoracic segment of spinal cord is at the level of A.   9th thoracic vertebra B.   8th thoracic vertebra C.   7th thoracic vertebra D.  6th thoracic vertebra E.   1st lumbar vertebra

8、 Which is wrong about anterior horn of spinal cord A.  consists of the sensory neuron B.  consists of the motor neuron C.  its neuron axon passes through the anterior root of spinal nerve D.  innervates the skeletal muscle E.  is innervated by corticospinal tract

9、 Which segment of the spinal cord conducts the skin sensation at the level of umbilicus A. the 4th thoracic segment B.  the 6th thoracic segment C. the 8th thoracic segment D. the 10th thoracic segment E.  the 12th thoracic segment

10. The tracts being related to transmitting motor information in spinal cord are A. fasciculus gracilis   B. fasciculus cuneatus C. corticonuclear tract D. lateral corticospinal tract E. anterior corticospinal tract

1、 retina 二、Multiple Choice Questions A.   is divides into outer and inner layers B.   outer layer contains photoreceptors C.   inner layer is pigment cell lamina D.   optic disc is in sensitive to light E.  visual acuity in fouea centralis of macula lutea is highest

2、 walls of tympanic cavity A. superior wall is tegmental wall which separates the middle cranial fossa from tympanic cavity B.  inferior wall is jugular wall C. anterior wall is carotid wall at superior part of which there is the opening of auditory tube D. posterior wall is mastoid wall E .lateral wall is membranous wall

3、 the tracts passing through the lateral funiculus of the spinal cord includ A 、lateral corticospinal tract B 、anterior corticospinal tract C 、anterior spinocerebellar tract D 、posterior spinocerebellar tract E 、vestibulospinal tract  

The brain stem 脑 干

The brain stem midbrain 中脑 pons 脑桥 medulla oblongata 延髓 Bulbopontine sulcus 延髓脑桥沟

ventral surface of the brain stem Medulla oblongata Pyramid 锥体: contain pyramidal tract (corticospinal tract) Decussation of pyramid 锥体交叉 formed by crossing fibers of corticospinal tract Olive 橄榄: overlying inferior olivary nucleus下橄榄核 hypoglossal nerve 舌下神经 emerge from anterolateral sulcus Glossopharyngeal n. vagus n. accessory n. emerge from retroolivary sulcus 橄榄后沟

ventral surface of the brain stem Pons Basilar part 基底部 Basilar sulcus 基底沟 Bulbopontine sulcus 延髓脑桥沟: from medial to lateral, abducent, n 展神经 facial n. vestibulocochlear n. 前庭蜗神经

ventral surface of the brain stem Pons Middle cerebellar peduncle 小脑中脚 Trigeminal nerve 三叉神经 Pontocerebellar trigone 脑桥小脑三角: the junction of medulla, pons and cerebellum

ventral surface of the brain stem Midbrain Crus cerebri 大脑脚底 Interpeduncular fossa 脚间窝 oculomotor nerves 动眼神经 emerge from medial of crus cerebri Posterior perforated substance 后穿质

dorsal surface of the brain stem 脑干背面 Medulla oblongata Gracile tubercle 薄束结节: overlying gracile nucleus Cuneate tubercle 楔束结节: overlying cuneate nucleus Inferior cerebellar peduncle 小脑下脚

dorsal surface of the brain stem 脑干背面 Pons Superior cerebellar peduncle 小脑上脚 Superior medullary velum 上髓帆

dorsal surface of the brain stem 脑干背面 Midbrain Superior colliculus 上丘 centers of visual flexes 视觉反射中枢 Inferior colliculus 下丘 conduct auditory sensation 传导听觉 Trochlear nerve 滑车神经 Brachium of superior colliculus 上丘臂 Brachium of inferior colliculus 下丘臂

dorsal surface of the brain stem rhomboid fossa 菱形窝 Boundaries Superolateral: superior cerebellar peduncle 小脑上脚 Inferolateral: gracile tubercles 薄束结节 cuneate tubercles 楔束结节 inferior cerebellar peduncle 小脑下脚 Lateral recess 外侧隐窝

dorsal surface of the brain stem rhomboid fossa Median sulcus 正中沟 Sulcus limitans 界沟 Vestibular area 前庭区 overlies vestibular nuclei Acoustic tubercle 听结节 overlying dorsal cochlear nucleus Medial eminence 内侧隆起 Striae medullares 髓纹 Facial colliculus面神经丘: overlies nucleus of abducent n. and genu of facial nerve

dorsal surface of the brain stem rhomboid fossa Hypoglossal triangle 舌下神经三角: overlying hypoglossal nucleus Vagal triangle 迷走神经三角: overlies dorsal nucleus of vagus nerve Area postrema 最后区：lies between the vagal triangle and gracile tubercles Locus ceruleus 蓝斑 at the upper end of Sulcus limitans 界沟上端

Fourth ventricle 第四脑室 position Lie between the Pons( 脑桥), medulla Oblongata( 延髓) and cerebellum (in front of cerebellum and posterior to the pons and medulla oblongata ).

Fourth ventricle Floor-- rhomboid fossa Roof： Anterior part superior cerebellar peduncle 小脑上脚 superior medullary velum 上髓帆

Fourth ventricle Roof： Posterior part inferior medullary velum 下髓帆 tela choroidea of fourth Ventricle 第四脑室脉络组织 choroid plexuses of fourth Ventricle 第四脑室脉络丛 produce the cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) 产生脑脊液。

Tela choroidea and choroid plexus 脉络丛和脉络组织

Fourth ventricle Communication 交通 (1) Median aperture of fourth ventricle 第四脑室正中孔 (2) lateral apertures of fourth ventricle 第四脑室外侧孔：a pair. Subarachnoid space 蛛网膜下隙 (3) mesencephalic aqueduct （cerebral aqueduct ）中脑水管（大脑导水管） Third ventricle 第三脑室

Internal structures – gray matter Nuclei 神经核 ■ Cranial nerve nuclei 脑神经核 ■ Non- Cranial nerve nuclei ( relay nuclei) 非脑神经核 (传导束中继核) The arrangments of Cranial nerve nuclei :

Cranial nerve nuclei 脑神经核 The Cranial nerve nuclei may be divided into 7 kinds: General Somatic motor nuclei 一般躯体运动核 Special visceral motor nuclei 特殊内脏运动核 General visceral motor nuclei 一般内脏运动核 Visceral afferent（sensory）nuclei ( general and special ) 内脏感觉核（一般与特殊） General somatic afferent （sensory） nuclei 一般躯体感觉核 Special somatic afferent （sensory） nuclei 特殊躯体感觉核

Cranial nerve nuclei 脑神经核 General Somatic motor nuclei 一般躯体运动核 Nucleus of oculomotor n. 动眼神经核 Nucleus of trochlear n. 滑车神经核 Nucleus of abducent n. 展神经核 Nucleus of hypoglossal n. 舌下神经核

General Somatic motor nuclei Nucleus Site Cranial n. Function Nucleus of Oculomotor n. Midbrain Ⅲ Supreior, inferior,and medial rectus, inf. obliquus, levator palpebrae superioris trochlear n. Ⅳ Superior obliquus Nucleus of abducent n. Pons Ⅵ Lateral rectus Nucleus of hypoglossal n. Medulla Ⅻ Muscles of tongue

Special visceral motor nuclei 特殊内脏运动核 Cranial nerve nuclei 脑神经核 Special visceral motor nuclei 特殊内脏运动核 Motor nucleus of trigeminal n. 三叉神经运动核 Nucleus of facial n. 面神经 Nucleus ambiguus 疑核 Accessory nucleus 副神经核

Special visceral motor nuclei Nucleus Site Cranial n. Function Motor nucleus of trigeminal n. Pons Ⅴ Masticatory muscles Nucleus of facial n. Ⅶ Facial m., platysma, posterior belly of digastric, stylohyoid, stapedius 镫骨肌 ambiguus Medulla Ⅸ,Ⅹ.Ⅺ Skeletal m. of pharynx, larynx and upper part of esophagus Accessory nucleus Medulla-cervical cord Ⅺ Sternocleidomastoid, trapezius

General visceral motor nuclei 一般内脏运动核 Cranial nerve nuclei 脑神经核 General visceral motor nuclei 一般内脏运动核 Accessory oculomotor nucleus 动眼神经副核 Superior salivatory nucleus 上泌涎核 Inferior salivatory nucleus Dorsal nucleus of vagus n. 迷走神经背核

●General visceral motor nuclei Nucleus Site Cranial n. Function Accessory oculomotor nucleus Midbrain Ⅲ Sphincter pupillae and ciliary m. Superior salivatory nucleus Pons Ⅶ Submandibular, sublingual and lacrimal glands Inferior salivatory nucleus Medulla Ⅸ Parotid gland Dorsal nucleus of vagus n. medulla Ⅹ Many cervical, thoracic and abdominal viscera

Visceral afferent nuclei ( general and special ) Cranial nerve nuclei 脑神经核 Visceral afferent nuclei ( general and special ) Nucleus of solitary tract 孤束核 Lies in the Medulla obongata Send out the fibers to form Ⅶ,Ⅸ,Ⅹ cranial n. Function： Taste and visceral sensation

General somatic afferent nuclei 一般躯体感觉核 Cranial nerve nuclei 脑神经核 General somatic afferent nuclei 一般躯体感觉核 Mesencephalic nucleus of trigeminal n. 三叉神经中脑核 Pontine nucleus of trigeminal n. 三叉神经脑桥核 Spinal nucleus of trigeminal n. 三叉神经脊束核

General somatic afferent nuclei Nucleus Site Cranial n. Function Mesencephalic nucleus of trigeminal n. Midbrain Ⅴ Proprioception of head Pontine nucleus of trigeminal n. Pons Tactile(touch) sensation of head Spinal nucleus of trigeminal n. Medulla Pain and temperature sense of head

Special somatic afferent nuclei 特殊躯体感觉核 Cranial nerve nuclei 脑神经核 Special somatic afferent nuclei 特殊躯体感觉核 Cochlear nuclei 蜗神经核 Ventral cochlear nucleus 蜗神经腹侧核 Drsal cochlear nucleus 蜗神经背侧核 Vestibular nuclei 前庭神经核

Special somatic afferent nuclei Nucleus Site Cranial n. Function Cochlear nuclei Pons and medulla Ⅷ Sensation of hearing Vestibular nuclei Sensation of equilibrium

non- Cranial nerve nuclei 非脑神经核 ■ In medulla oblongata Gracile nucleus 薄束核 Cuneate nucleus 楔束核 Inferior olivary nucleus 下橄榄核 ■ In pons Pontine nucleus脑桥核

non- Cranial nerve nuclei 非脑神经核 ■ in midbrain inferior colliculus 下丘 Gray matter layers of superior colliculus 上丘灰质 Red nucleus红核 Substantia nigra黑质

Non- Cranial nerve nuclei Nucleus position Gracile nucleus Medulla (underneath gracile tubercle) Cuneate nucleus Medulla (underneath cuneate tubercle) Pontine nucleus Pons Nucleus of inferior colliculus Midbrain Inferior colliculus superior colliculus Red nucleus Substantia nigra

White matter Ascending tracts Descending tracts Medial lemniscus 内侧丘系 Spinal lemniscus 脊髓丘系 Trigeminal lemniscus 三叉丘系 Lateral lemniscus 外侧丘系 Descending tracts Pyramidal tract 锥体束 Corticospinal tract 皮质脊髓束 Corticonuclear tract 皮质核束

White matter — ascending tracts Medial lemniscus 内侧丘系 decussation of medial lemniscus 内侧丘系交叉

White matter — ascending tracts Spinal lemniscus 脊髓丘系

White matter — ascending tracts Trigeminal lemniscus 三叉丘系

White matter — ascending tracts Lateral lemniscus 外侧丘系

White matter — descending tracts Pyramidal tract 锥体束 Corticospinal tract 皮质脊髓束 Corticonuclear tract 皮质核束

Corticonuclear tract 皮质核束

White matter — descending tracts Others: rubrospinal tract 红核脊髓束 tectospinal tract 顶盖脊髓束 vestibulospinal tract 前庭脊髓束 reticulospinal tract 网状脊髓束

Reticular formation of brain stem 脑干网状结构 The reticular formation is recognized as the extensive area outside the more conspicuous fiber bundles and nuclei of the brain stem, in which the grey were intermingled with whiter matter. Its major function may sum up as follows:

Reticular formation of brain stem ■ Ascending reticular activating system 上行网状激动系统 maintenance of the conscious state of cerebeal cortex. 维持大脑觉醒状态 ■ somatomotor control 调节躯体运动: reticulospinal tract ■ Viscceromotor control---vital centres 生命中枢 Cardiovascular center and respiratory center in medulla oblongata.

The transverse section of brain stem---- Medulla oblongata Lower part (closed part) Two decussations– Decussations of medial lemniscus 内侧丘系交叉 Decussations of pyramid 锥体交叉

The transverse section of brain stem---- Medulla oblongata Upper part (open part) inferior olivary nuculeus and inferior cerebellar peduncle Enlargement of central canal to form the fourth ventricle floor Tracts: pyramidal tracy medial lemniscus inferior cerebellar peduncle Nuclei: nucleus of hypoglossal n. dorsal nucleus of vagus n. nucleus ambiguus. solitary nucleus, spinal nucleus of trigeminal n.

The transverse section of brain stem---- pons ■ Tegmentum of pons背盖部 ■ Basilar part基底部 longitudinal fibers(pyramidal tract) transverse fibers arised from the pontine nuclei. Middle cerebellar peduncle 小脑中脚 contains a number of new cranial nerve nuclei ,Such as : nucleus of abducent n. nucleus of facial n. vestibular nuclei , spinal nucleus of trigeminal n.

The transverse section of brain stem---- midbrain ■ tectum of midbrain中脑顶盖 ■ Cerebral peduncle大脑脚： includes superior and inferior colliculi may be divided into 3 parts ● Tegmentum 被盖: Ascending tracts: medial lemniscus, spinal lemniscus, trigeminal lemniscus. nuclei: red nucleus, nucleus of oculomotor n. and troclear n.

The transverse section of brain stem---- midbrain ■ Cerebral peduncle大脑脚 ● Tegmentum 被盖 ● Substentia nigra 黑质 ● Crus cerebri 大脑脚底: frontopontine Tract 额桥束, pyramidal tract, tempo-occipito-pontine tract 颞枕桥束

Lateral corticospinal tract Anterior corticospinal tract

superior cerebellar peduncle its fibres arises from the cerebellum, and passes to the opposite thalamus and the opposite red nucleus of the midbrain.

Dorsal cochlear nuclei Ventral cochlear nuclei