Unit 1 School Life

Introduction to attributive Grammar and usage Introduction to attributive clauses

Look at the following phrases and point out the noun, the adjective or the prepositional phrase in each of them. an enjoyable experience best friends the rules of the school adj. n. Modifying the noun. adj. n. n. prepositional phrase What is the function of an adjective or prepositional phrase in these examples?

Translate the following phrases into Chinese and compare the different ways to express the same meanings in English and in Chinese. an enjoyable experience best friends the rules of the school a girl whose name was Diana attributive clause

定语从句的定义 eg. The computer that I bought in Nanjing 在英语中，如果修饰 或限制一个名词或代词的成分是一个从句，这样的从句就叫定语从句。一般说来，在句子中起修饰或限制作用的都是由形容词所充当，故定语从句又称为形容词性从句。 eg. The computer that I bought in Nanjing this summer works wonderfully.

相关概念 He is the man whom / that I saw yesterday. 先行词：定语从句所修饰的名词或代词（组）。 关系词：连接定语从句和主句并在定语中起作用的词。 He is the man whom / that I saw yesterday. Please pass me the book whose cover is green. The package which / that you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. Beijing is the place where I was born.

关系词的分类： 关系代词 关系词 关系副词 that, which (先行词指物时) （在从句中做主、宾、表） that, who (先行词指人时) （在从句中做主、宾、表） that (先行词指“人＋物”时) （在从句中做主、宾、表） whose 在从句中限定另一名词 关系词 　when 时间：状语 where 地点；状语 关系副词 why 原因；状语

关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。

Read the paragraph in the textbook again and underline the attributive clauses you find. Translate the sentences into Chinese. David was one of the most helpful students that we ever had. In 2004, he went to Oxford University where he became interested in Chinese culture. Some of the cities in China which he likes most are Beijing, Shanghai, Harbin and Nanjing.

4. Most of the students whom he taught have become his friends. 5. Some of the books were gifts that he got from his Chinese friends and students. 6. The paintings that David donated to the school are being shown in the exhibition room.

Relative pronouns: that, which, who, Grammar and usage Relative pronouns: that, which, who, whom and whose

that多指物，在从句中作主语或作动词的宾语。（that/which作宾语时可省。） 1) A plane is a machine that can fly. A plane is a machine which can fly. 2) Who was hurt in the accident that happened yesterday? Who was hurt in the accident which happened yesterday? 3)Have you found the bike that you lost? Have you found the bike which you lost?

2. which 指物, 在从句中作主语或宾语。作主语不可省略; 作宾语可以省略。 ( which与that 指物时可以互相代替，that 更常见。） 1) His father works in a factory that makes TV sets. His father works in a factory which makes TV sets. 2) The film that we saw last night was very wonderful. The film which we saw last night was very wonderful.

3. who 指人(既它的先行词必须是人), 在从句中作主语或宾语。但whom 是宾格, 只能作宾语。(that有时也指人，代替who或 whom，可作主语或宾语) 1)The girls who weren’t badly hurt in the accident are my classmates. The girls that weren’t badly hurt in the accident are my classmates. 2) He knew the teacher who we met yesterday. He knew the teacher whom we met yesterday.

4. whose 是代词的所有格形式, 它既可以代人也可以代物。 I saw a woman. Her bag was stolen. I saw a woman whose bag was stolen. Please show me the book. Its cover is red. Please show me the book whose cover is red. I’ll call a person. His father knows you. I’ll call a person whose father knows you.

注意：以下情况中只能用关系代词that 引导定语从句 (1) 先行词为all, everything, nothing, anything, little, much 等不定代词时。 I am sure she has nothing that you can borrow.

(2) 先行词被all, every, no, some, any, (a) few, (a) little, much等修饰时。 I’ve read all the books that are about this matter. I’ve read every book that is borrowed from the library. (3) 先行词被the only, the very, the right, the last修饰时。 This is the very book that belongs to him.

(4) 先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时。 This is the first book that he has read. This is the most interesting book that I have ever read. (5)先行词是并列结构，既有人又有物时。 He talked happily of the writer and his books that interested him.

即学即练 The tall girl ______ the teacher often praises is our monitor. A. which B. whom     C. what D. whose 2. The popular street _____ I visited on Sunday is being rebuilt now. A. / B. where C. what D. who 3. I hate the people _____ don’t help others when they are in trouble. A. who B. which C. they D. where B A A

4. This is the place ____ I have ever visited. 　A. there B. when C. where D. which 5. The house ______ we live in is very big. A. whose B. where C. which D. what D C

Complete the following article about high schools in the USA using who, whom, which or whose. There are several differences between high schools in the USA and high schools in China. For one tings, students ______ study in the USA are in class only about twenty hours per week. who

The rest of the time _______ they spend at school is used for independent study. With so much free time, students ______ do not make good use of their time may not pass their exams. Students ______________ the teachers fail may have to take the classes again. which who whom / who

For another thing, many courses are classes ________ the students can study just for fun, but ______ they do not have to take. Finally, students can often choose their classes and class times. Some courses are required, but the students can still decide the teacher _______ class they wish to take. They can choose to take the class of a teacher ___________ they like to respect. which which whose whom / who

高考真题 1. She has a gift for creating an atmosphere for her students ____ allows them to communicate freely with each other. (2011福建) A. which B. where C. what D. who解析：分析句子结构可知，先行词是an atmosphere在后面的从句中作主语，故用which引导。本句的意思是：她有一种为她的学生创造气氛的天赋，这种气氛让他们彼此之间互相自由地交流。

2. The prize will go to the writer ______ story shows the most imagination. (2011全国I) A. that B. which C. whose D. what 解析：先行词是the writer，关系代词whose在定语从句中作定语。

3. I've become good friends with several of the students in my school I met in the English speech contest last year. （2010湖南） A. who B. where C. when D. which 解析：该空引导定语从句修饰表示人的先行词the students，且在从句中作met的宾语，故选关系代词who，即A项。

4. That’s the new machine ______ parts are too small to be seen A. that B. which C. whose D. what 解析：句意应为“那就是那台零部件小得几乎看不见的新机器。”空格处引导定语从句并且在从句中作定语使用，所以使用whose。

5. The old temple _______ roof was damaged in storm is now under repair. （2010 陕西） A. where B. which C. its D. whose 解析：所填词引导定语从句，先行词是the old temple，关系词在从句中做roof的定语，用关系代词whose，选D。其余选项与题意不符。

6. I refuse to accept the blame for something _______ was someone else’s fault. （2010 全国Ⅱ） A. who B. that C. as D. what 解析：不定代词something作主语，用that引导。

7. Children who are not active or ____ diet is high in fat will gain weight quickly. （2010北京） A. what B. whose C. which D. that 解析：题意是“不爱运动或者饮食热量偏高的孩子们会很快发胖”。本定语从句不缺成分，为主系表结构。A中的what不能引导定语从句。选B (谁的)符合题意。

8. In china, the number of cities is increasing _______ development is recognized across the world. （2010 重庆） A. where B. which C. whose D. that 解析： development与先行词cities之间是所属关系，所以选whose。句意是：在中国，城市的数量在增加，城市的发展被全世界意识到。

Read the paragraph in the textbook again and then complete the sentences using attributive clauses.

2. It has many students ___________________________________. 3. English is the subject ____________________________. 4. I admire most an American lady __________________________________. who / that are from different countries that / which I like best who / that teaches us English

5. Our history teacher tells us stories _______________________________. 6. I have a good friend __________________________. 7. The library is a place _________________________________. that / which are very interesting whose name is Sally that / which is quiet and comfortable