题型操练 第2讲　阅读理解

阅读理解题主要考查考生以下五种能力：(1)根据上下文和构词法推断、理解生词的含义；(2)理解段落中各句子之间的逻辑关系；(3)找出文章中的主题，理解故事情节，预测故事的发展和可能的结局；(4)读懂相应水平的、生词量不超过3%的常见体裁的读物；(5)根据不同的阅读目的，运用简单的阅读策略获取信息。 从问题设置上可以将问题总结为四种类型：细节理解题，词义猜测题，推理判断题和主旨大意题。

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考查考生对文章中的细节与具体事实的理解能力，内容涉及询问事实、原因、结果和目的等。 考向一　细节理解题 要点提示 考查考生对文章中的细节与具体事实的理解能力，内容涉及询问事实、原因、结果和目的等。 ◆常见提问方式有： (1)Which of the following is right? (2)Which of the following is NOT mentioned? (3)Which of the following is TRUE in the passage? (4)Choose the right order of this passage. (5)From this passage we know .

◆答题时，可以尝试以下方法： (1)在文中找原句； (2)找相关信息进行对比； (3)找近义词或同义词； (4)进行简单数学计算。

THREE CENTURIES OF HOAXES(骗局；恶作剧) 真题回访 1.(2017·宁波D) THREE CENTURIES OF HOAXES(骗局；恶作剧) A THINKING MACHINE ...About 85 years later, the secret was finally revealed.There was a man hiding inside the machine all the time...who was obviously very good at playing chess! ZOO ESCAPE(逃脱) ...It said the police were working to save people, but 27 people had already been killed, and 200 people hurt...

ROSIE THE RUNNER ...however, as she climbed the stairs to receive her prize, people started to become suspicious(怀疑的).She didn’t seem to be tired at all..Furthermore, none of the other runners remembered seeing her, and her picture never appeared in photos or TV broadcasts of the race...

( )Which of the following is mentioned in the passage? A.The thinking machine used a computer to win games. B.200 people were killed by zoo animals in 1874. C.Rosie Ruiz wasn’t tired at the finish line. D.Rosie Ruiz didn’t appear in TV broadcasts of the the race. 解析　由相关信息“and her picture never appeared in photos or TV broadcasts of the race.”可知选D。 D 解析 答案

2.(2017·宁波C) I hate it when people answer their phone calls while I’m talking to them, and then, in front of me, continue a long conversation.I also hate it when people text while I’m sitting at dinner with them.This is probably the worst thing people do on cell phones.I’d rather text my other friend.Obviously, I like this order friend much better than I like you.”

A.while reading in a library B.while walking at the beach ( )The writer believes the worst thing that people do with cell phones is text someone . A.while reading in a library B.while walking at the beach C.while watching movies in the theater D.while eating dinner with someone else D 答案

(2)The underlined ...probably means . 考向二　词义猜测题 要点提示 考查考生对篇章中的某个超出课标范围的生词或短语，以及熟词和短语在限定语境中的意思进行推理判断的能力，侧重考查考生的语境分析能力，正确理解语境中单词、短语和句子的意思等。 ◆常见的提问方式有： (1)The word...refers to . (2)The underlined ...probably means .

◆答题时，可以尝试以下方法： (1)根据定义、释义、举例或复述猜词，常用be，be called，mean，破折号或定语从句等； (2)根据上下文情景和逻辑进行判断； (3)根据关联词来猜测； (4)根据构词法和生活常识进行判断。

1.(2017·宁波D) A THINKING MACHINE 真题回访 1.(2017·宁波D) A THINKING MACHINE In 1769, long before computers were invented, a man from Hungary(匈牙利) built a wonderful machine that could play chess very well.It delighted(使高兴) people all over Europe and beat nearly everyone it played, including famous figures like French leader Napoleon Bonaparte, and scientist and inventor Benjamin Franklin.

( )The underlined word “it” in Paragraph1 refers to(指) . A.the hoax 　 B.the news C.the thinking machine 　 D.the computer 解析　由小标题“A THINKING MACHINE”及“...built a wonderful machine that..”可知it指代“the thinking machine”。故选C。 C 解析 答案

( )The underlined word “budget” in Paragraph 1 means . If you want to stay out debt(债务), you meed to set a budget,_first, know what you are spending your money on. ( )The underlined word “budget” in Paragraph 1 means . A.a method for how to borrow money B.a plan for how to spend money C. a suggestion on how to lend money D.a test on how to use money B 答案

考向三　推理判断题 要点提示 考查逻辑推理能力、语言分析能力和综合归纳能力。考生无法直接找出答案，须在正确理解文章字面意思的基础上，运用逻辑推理的方法，综合主旨句、主题句和上下文信息以及作者的措辞，作出总结性的判断。同时要特别注意代词所指代的对象。

◆常见的提问方式有： (1)We can guess the writer of the letter may be a . (2)We can infer from the text that . (3)From the letters we’ve learned that it’s very to know something about. (4)From the story we can guess . (5)According to the story, what would happen next?

◆答题时，可以尝试以下方法： (1)事实推理，在文章中找出据以推断的文字，然后加以分析，尤其 要悟出字里行间的意思； (2)排除法。

THREE CENTURIES OF HOAXES(骗局；恶作剧) 真题回访 1.(2017·宁波D) THREE CENTURIES OF HOAXES(骗局；恶作剧) ( )The title of the passage shows us that the writer thinks that hoaxes . A.are not new B.are easily avoided C.are always cruel D.are usually unbelievable 解析　由标题中的“THREE CENTURIES(3个世纪)”可知“not new”是作者想要表达的想法，故选A。 A 解析 答案

THREE CENTURIES OF HOAXES(骗局；恶作剧) 2.(2017·宁波D) THREE CENTURIES OF HOAXES(骗局；恶作剧) A THINKING MACHINE ...There were people who said it was a hoax, but could not prove it or explain how it worked.About 85 years later, the secret was finally revealed.There was a man hiding inside the machine all the time...who was obviously very good at playing chess!

ZOO ESCAPE(逃脱) ...If only they had read the final words of the article, which said: “Not one word of it is true.Not a single act described has taken place.” It was all just a hoax.... ROSIE THE RUNNER ...Later, several people said that they had seen her join the race only at the end.It turned out she had run only half a mile (about 805 meters) and taken the train for the rest of the race! ...

( )What is true about all the hoaxes in the passage? A.They made people scared. B.They fooled a lot of people. C.They made people suspicious. D.They delighted people. B 答案

(1)What is the main idea of the passage? 考向四　主旨大意题 要点提示 考查学生归纳概括能力。 ◆常见的提问方式有： (1)What is the main idea of the passage? (2)The first paragraph tells us that . (3)Which of the following expresses the main idea? (4)The best title for the story is . (5)Which of the following is the best title? (6)The writer writes the passage in order to . (7)What did the writer mainly tell us?

◆答题时，可以尝试以下方法： (1)读首尾段抓大意； (2)归纳各段抓大意； (3)选标题的原则：适度、醒目、概括，引发读者阅读兴趣。

真题回访 1.(2017·宁波B) Do you know any 9-year-olds who have started their own museum? When Theodore Roosevelt(罗斯福) was only nine, he and two of his cousins opened the “Roosevelt Museum of Natural History.” The museum was in Theodore’s bedroom.It had a total of 12 specimens(标本).on display were a few seashells, some dead insects and some birds’ nests.Young Roosevelt took great pride in his small museum.

( )What is the main idea of the first paragraph? A.Roosevelt’s museum had 12 specimens. B.Roosevelt had two cousins. C.Roosevelt was a brave man. D.Roosevelt had a small museum as a boy. 解析　由“...who have started their own museum？” 、“Roosevelt Museum of Natural History” 和“his small museum” 可知D符合题意。 D 解析 答案

2.(2017·杭州D) Do you know when restaurants were invented? ... The first restaurants were in ancient Greece and ancient Rome... Later, restaurants began to open in China... For the next several centuries, there were restaurants all over the world...Then, in the middle of the 1700s, restaurants started opening in Paris...In the 19th century, trains made travel much faster and simpler.In the end, this kind of restaurant began to appear all over Europe and in other parts of the world. Now, restaurants are everywhere...

( ) The author wrote this article to . A.help us to choose restaurants B.tell us the history of restaurants C.encourage us to eat at restaurants D.show us the changes of eating habits B 答案

(2)抓住中心句(标题，首段，每段的首尾句，总—分—总，总—分) (3)克服不良习惯：切忌一个词一个词地看，只读不记。 技法点拨　 (1)浏览问题，通读全文。 (2)抓住中心句(标题，首段，每段的首尾句，总—分—总，总—分) (3)克服不良习惯：切忌一个词一个词地看，只读不记。 (4)遇到生词要沉着冷静。 返回

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(一) Sydney Fredette has a lot of things to deal with.Not only is she a high school student, but she has also set up her own organization, Beary Merry Christmas.She volunteers(自愿) to serve poor kids and families in Orange Country in California, US. To remember her best friend who died of cancer nearly 10 years ago, Fredette decided to serve those in Orange County who are less lucky than she is.

She began with the simple idea of collecting donated(捐赠的) Build-A-Bears，the popular toy animal that is made by children themselves in the stores’ workshops.Fredette then gave them as gifts to the homeless children in California during the holiday season. With donations at more than 100 bears a year, Fredette and volunteers host activities every year, where volunteers not only give out the bears, but also clothing, meals, and other things.

Not wanting to limit(限制) the giving to just the holiday months, Fredette now hosts other activities for Valentine’s Day, Mother’s Day and Halloween, providing the chance for her volunteer team to make a difference through the year. “I love making relationships with the people I serve，” Fredette said.“The thanks they have, hearing their stories and seeing how happy they are, it’s so cool.”

Future plans for Fredette include building a public food bank and providing a self-development class for students in her school who will soon attend college. Heading to college herself in the fall, Fredette is looking to stay local and continue to help out in her County.In fact, she was regarded as a “Dreamer & Doer” not long ago for her work in improving her community, along with 32 other high school students.

( )1.Fredette started her own organization to . A.keep her life busy B.help poor people C.look after the sick D.thank her best friend 语篇解读　本文讲述了Sydney Fredette 是一名中学生，为了经念她最好的朋友，她和其他一些志愿者一起建立了Beary Merry Chirstmas组织，来为一些贫穷的孩子捐赠玩具熊和其他东西。她被授予了“Dreamer & Doer”称号。 细节理解题。根据“She volunteers(自愿) to serve poor kids and families in Orange County in California, US.”可知她自愿为贫穷的孩子服务，故选B。 B 语篇解读 答案

( )2.What can we learn about Beary Merry Christmas? A.It holds one activity a year. B.It offers service around America. C.It buys bears from the stores. D.It gives out other things besides bears. 语篇解读　细节理解题。根据“Fredette and volunteers host activities every year, where volunteers not only give out the bears, but also clothing, meals, and other things”可知这个组织不仅发放玩具熊还有其他东西，故选D。 D 语篇解读 答案

( )3.It can be inferred(推断) that Fredette . A.likes telling people stories B.dreams of being a teacher C.is pleased with what she does D.plans to leave California for college 语篇解读　推理判断题。根据倒数第三段可知Fredette对自己所做的事很满意。故选C。 C 语篇解读 答案

( )4.What can be the best title for the passage? A.Giving back to society B.Getting on well with others C.Providing a food bank D.Improving community colleges 语篇解读　标题归纳题。根据短文的内容可知，她为了纪念她最好的朋友，她想回报社会。故选A。 A 语篇解读 答案

(二) Trying to keep a healthy diet? Be sure to read our list of the top four fake(虚假的) health food first! Smoothies They’re made with tons of fruit, so they must be healthy, right? What most people don’t realize, however, is that these delicious and “healthy” drinks are full of sugar and can have more calories(卡路里) than a large meal! Many smoothies have more than just fruit.Some have ice－cream or yogurt.You’re really better off making your own smoothies at home with your own fresh fruit and low－fat yogurt!

Salad So you and your friends have stopped at a fast-food restaurant for a quick bite.Since you’re a healthy person, you decide to get a salad.After all, it’s better than anything else there, right? Don’t be so sure.Salad toppings such as bacon, cheese, and dressing can make your choice of a meal just as unhealthy as eating a double hamburger.Check the facts before you take a bite.

Cereal(谷物) Bars A cereal bar may appear to be a healthy snack. After all, the box has a photo of healthy people eating them on a hike.But don’t let the packaging(包装) fool you! Many cereal bars have as much sugar and fat as any candy bar.Read the ingredient(成分) list and make sure it’s healthy before you buy.

Sushi Rolls Many people watching their weight prefer light sushi lunches and dinners, but be careful—there are some rolls that will influence your diet.Many have mayonnaise(蛋黄酱) and deep－fried shrimp, both high in fat.When with soy sauce, sushi rolls become very high in salt.This doesn’t mean you have to cut out this delicious Japanese food together, but you do have to be careful with your choices.

( )1.Salad is sometimes considered as a fake health food because . A.salad is a kind of fast food B.salad may have unhealthy toppings C.salad may have ice-cream or yogurt D. a salad is as large as a double hamburger 语篇解读　本文讲述了最虚假的四种健康食品。告诫人们不要被误导，要仔细选择健康食物。 由“ Salad toppings such a bacon, cheese, and dressing can make your choice of a meal just as unhealthy as eating a double hamburger.”可知选B。 B 语篇解读 答案

( )2.What can mislead(误导) you about cereal bars? A.The packaging. B.The sugar and fat. C.The calories and salt. D.The ingredient list. 语篇解读　由“But don’t let the packaging(包装) fool you! ”可知选A。 A 语篇解读 答案

( )3.What is the main idea of the article? A.The best way to lose weight is to eat salad. B.Many foods appear to be healthy but are not. C.Hamburgers can make people put on weight. D.Junk food is unhealthy and should be avoided. 语篇解读　本文讲述了最虚假的四种健康食品。故选B。 B 语篇解读 答案

( )4.The purpose of this passage is mainly to . A.tell people how to keep healthy B.Suggest making food at home C.Tell people to choose food carefully D.Introduce different kinds of foods 语篇解读　由 “Be sure to read our list of the top four fake (虚假的) health food first！” 可知本文主要目的是“告诉人们要仔细选择食物”，故选C。 C 语篇解读 答案

(三) Do you know when restaurants were invented? The first restaurants were invented thousands of years ago.However, they were very different from restaurants today. The first restaurants were in ancient Greece and ancient Rome.These restaurants served food in large stone bowls.People didn’t order food from a menu.Everyone used to share the food from big bowls.People believe that these places were very popular because most homes in ancient Greece and Rome did not have kitchens.Also, people didn’t have to store food at home if they ate their meals at these restaurants.

Later, restaurants began to open in China Later, restaurants began to open in China.In the early 1100s, more than 1 million people lived in the city of Hangzhou, China.It was a very busy city, and people had money.All of these people had to eat.Smart cooks started cooking and selling food along the Imperial Way, a very big street in the city.Unlike in ancient Greece and Rome, people in China could choose food from a menu.They didn’t have to eat the same food as everyone else.

For the next several centuries, there were restaurants all over the world.People could buy food on the street or at inns—small hotels.Then, in the middle of the 1700s, restaurants started opening in Paris.These restaurants were more similar to restaurants we know today.There was a bigger variety of food, and eating in these restaurants was a more enjoyable experience.In the 19th century, trains made travel much faster and simpler.In the end, this kind of restaurant began to appear all over Europe and in other parts of the world. Now, restaurants are everywhere.You can buy a variety of different kinds of food.You can have food sent to your door.But remember it wasn’t always like that.

( )1.It is believed that these first restaurants were popular because A.people could eat different food B.the food there was very cheap C.people were too busy to cook D.most homes didn’t have kitchen 语篇解读　本文讲述了餐饮业发展的历史。 细节理解题。根据第二段“The first restaurants were in ancient Greece and ancient Rome...People believe that these places were very popular because most homes in ancient Greece and Rome did not have kitchens.”可知选D。 D 语篇解读 答案

A.They offered menus to customers. ( )2.How were the restaurants in Hangzhou different from the firs restaurant? A.They offered menus to customers. B.They usually served the same food. C.They sold the food in large stone bowls. D．They prepared food for all people in the city. 语篇解读　推理判断题。根据“Unlike in ancient Greece and Rome, people in China could choose food from a menu.”可知选A。 A 语篇解读 答案

( )3.The underlined part “these restaurants” in Paragraph 4 means . A.restaurants in ancient Greece and ancient Rome B.Restaurants in Hangzhou in the early 1100s C.Restaurants in Paris in the middle of the 1700s D.Restaurants all over Europe in the 19th century 语篇解读　细节理解题。根据“in the middle of the 1700s, restaurants started opening in Paris.These restaurants... and eating in these restaurants”可知选C。 C 语篇解读 答案

( )4.The author wrote this article to . A.help us to choose restaurants B.tell us the history of restaurants C.encourage us to eat at restaurants D.show us the changes of eating habits 语篇解读　主旨大意题。本文讲述了餐饮业发展的历史，故选B。 B 语篇解读 答案

(四) Kathy could still remember the night she had to leave her home in Hungary.It was the beginning of World War II and her family had to leave their country as soon as possible.She quickly filled a bag with a few pieces of clothing, her diary, and her treasure—a beautiful silk scarf. Kathy and her best friend, Monica, had asked their parents to buy them matching scarves.They each would wear the scarves as a symbol of their friendship.Kathy had no idea that she was going to America that night and would not be returning.

Kathy kept that special silk scarf for many years Kathy kept that special silk scarf for many years.One day she decided to give it to her granddaughter, Eliza, to wear to her first job interview for good luck.Kathy was afraid that Eliza would lose the scarf, but the granddaughter promised, “Don’t worry, Grandma, nothing’s going to happen to your scarf.You’ll see.It is going to bring both of us luck today.” And with that, Eliza kissed her grandmother and left for the interview. That afternoon Eliza left the interview, feeling sure that she had got the job.So she decided to celebrate by going to a restaurant.As she was sitting at her table, she felt someone looking at her.Sitting next to her was an old woman, who could not take her eyes away from her.

“I’m sorry, do I know you？” Eliza asked. “I’m sorry, dear, but you make me think of someone I once knew，” the old woman replied.“My best friend looked like you and used to wear a scarf just like the one you’re wearing around your neck.” Eliza listened carefully, with her eyes and mouth wide open.She had heard stories of her grandmother’s best friend and knew the meaning of the scarf.Could this be Monica, her grandmother’s childhood friend?

Eliza introduced herself and waited to hear the name of the other woman. “My name’s Monica, dear.I lived in Hungary as a child, but my family had to leave when I was fourteen years old.I’ve been living here in California ever since.” said the old woman. Eliza could not believe her ears...

( )1.Kathy and her family left their country because . A.Kathy found a job in the USA B.Kathy would study in California C.they had no friends in Europe D.they wanted to get away from the war 语篇解读　本文主要介绍了二战时凯西一家为了逃避战乱而离开自己的国家。凯西一直带着象征着美好友谊的围巾，最后因为这条围巾最终和好友团聚。 细节理解题。根据“It was the beginning of World War II and her family had to leave their country as soon as possible.”可知凯西一家是为了逃离战争而离开，故选D。 D 语篇解读 答案

( )2.From the underlined sentence in Paragraph 6, we can infer(推断) that Eliza felt . A.surprised B.thankful C.sorry D.nervous 语篇解读　细节理解题。根据“Eliza listened carefully, with her eyes and mouth wide open.(Eliza仔细地听着，嘴巴和眼睛睁得很大)”可知Eliza非常吃惊，故选A。 A 语篇解读 答案

( )3.What would Eliza most probably do after the dinner? A.She gave the silk scarf to Monica. B.She went for another job interview. C.She showed Monica around California. D.She took Monica to meet her grandmother. 语篇解读　推理判断题。 根据短文最后可知Monica就是Eliza奶奶的失散多年的好友，根据故事的发展，Eliza会把老人带到奶奶那里，使她们相见，故选D。 D 语篇解读 答案

( )4.The best title for this passage can be . A.A Gift from Parents B.A Scarf of Luck C.A Successful Interview D.A Story in the War 语篇解读　标题归纳题。根据短文主要围绕一条围巾为线索展开描述，故选B。 B 语篇解读 答案

(五) Almost all animals need to sleep to stay healthy. But sleeping can also be dangerous because other animals may hurt those who are sleeping.This leads to many different ways of sleeping that help them stay safe.Some of these ways may surprise you! Almost all bats sleep upside down.They hang from a branch of a tree or the ceiling of a cave.Up high, bats are safe from most other animals.If they are in danger, they just fly away.

A dolphin sleeps with just half its brain at a time A dolphin sleeps with just half its brain at a time.It must stay awake to breathe and to watch for danger.Dolphin mothers and babies can go without sleep for as long as two months to stay safe. Some ducks sleep with just half their brains, too.These ducks often sleep in a line.The ducks at both ends help to keep the group safe.They keep one eye open to watch for danger.The ducks in the middle sleep deeply with both eyes closed.

Seals breathe air, but that doesn’t stop some of them from sleeping underwater.They hold their breath and dive deep to sleep for up to twenty minutes at a time.Sleeping deep underwater helps these seals stay safe from animals that hunt them near the surface. Horses often sleep standing up.Their legs lock in place so they don’t fall over.If a horse is lying down, it needs a long time to get up.A horse can run from danger more quickly if it is already standing.

A flamingo can sleep while standing on one leg A flamingo can sleep while standing on one leg.The standing leg locks so it stays straight.The other leg remains close to the flamingo’s body.Its head rests on its back.A flamingo lives (and sleeps) near many other birds to stay safe. Some seabirds can sleep while they fly.These large birds spend most of their lives over the ocean.They are in danger on the water, but they are safe in the air.They fly for many hours without flapping(拍打) their wings.Sometimes they sleep while they are flying. Would you like to sleep how they sleep?

( )1.The animals that sleep with half their brains are . A.ducks and seals B.dolphins and ducks C.bats and dolphins D.flamingos and seabirds 语篇解读　本文主要介绍了动物为了避免在睡觉时受到伤害形成的不同的睡眠方式。作者介绍了海豚、蝙蝠和鸭子等动物的睡眠方式。 细节理解题。根据第三段“A dolphin sleeps with just half its brain at a time”及第四段“Some ducks sleep with just half their brains, too”可知选B。 B 语篇解读 答案

( )2.Horses often stand up when they sleep because . A.they can run from danger quickly B.they are afraid of falling over C.this helps them to sleep deeply D.it takes them a long time to go to sleep 语篇解读　细节理解题。根据第六段“A horse can run from danger more quickly if it is already standing.”可知马站立睡眠是为了能更快的逃离危险，故选A。 A 语篇解读 答案

( )3.The underlined word “hunt” in Paragraph 5 probably means . A.offer to help B.come to teach C.refuse to protect D.want to kill 语篇解读　词义猜测题。根据“Sleeping deep underwater helps these seals stay safe from animals that hunt them near the surface.(睡在深水下能帮助海豹保持安全，远离那些在水面捕猎的动物)”可知，that hunt them near the surface作为animals的定语，而animals是海豹远离的对象，故可以推测hunt意思是“猎杀”，故选D。 D 语篇解读 答案

( )4.Which of the following can be the best title for the passage? A.How animals sleep B.Sleep to stay healthy C.Sleep as animals do D.What sleeping animals are like 语篇解读　标题归纳题。本文通过作者举例说明动物为了避免在睡觉时受到伤害形成的不同的睡眠方式。故选A。 A 语篇解读 答案 返回

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