分娩前徵狀 體溫下降是重要的指標。在分娩第一期肛 溫下降明顯,可能在 12 小時內開始分娩。 體溫下降是重要的指標。在分娩第一期肛 溫下降明顯,可能在 12 小時內開始分娩。 小型狗下降到 35 ℃,中型狗下降到 36 ℃。 小型狗下降到 35 ℃,中型狗下降到 36 ℃。 分娩 小時前狗會造巢,伴隨子宮收縮 頻率增加,顫抖產熱等。 分娩 小時前狗會造巢,伴隨子宮收縮 頻率增加,顫抖產熱等。 Parturition within 12 hours 貓分娩前體溫下降的情形不如狗 明顯。但貓分娩前會明顯焦慮不 安且無食慾。
分娩 一般分娩間隔為 分鐘。 一般分娩間隔為 分鐘。 80% 分娩時是左右子宮角輪流娩出胎兒。 胎兒數目多時,可能中間停留 2 小時,待排 出胎盤後又再回復第二期。80% 分娩時是左右子宮角輪流娩出胎兒。 胎兒數目多時,可能中間停留 2 小時,待排 出胎盤後又再回復第二期。 正常分娩應於第二期後 6-12 小時以內完成, 超過 24 小時者對小狗及母體都不利。 正常分娩應於第二期後 6-12 小時以內完成, 超過 24 小時者對小狗及母體都不利。
難產 長頭狗可到 10% 的發生率。 長頭狗可到 10% 的發生率。 – 體溫下降後又回復正常體溫,但仍不見分娩者。 – 狗排出綠色,貓排出紅褐色分泌物,但仍不見 胎兒排出者。 – 尿水或羊水已排出 2-3 小時仍未見胎兒者。
難產 – 陣痛消失 2 小時以上或陣痛減弱。 – 間隔超過 2 小時而未見下一隻小狗被分娩出時。 – 胎兒卡在產道時,或有明顯的難產原因如骨盤 骨骨折時。 – 產出死胎者。 – 有 toxemia 症狀時,身體狀況不佳,全身性水腫, 出血,休克等。
母因性難產 子宮無力目前為狗貓難產的主要原因。 子宮無力目前為狗貓難產的主要原因。 – 原發性子宮無力起因於只懷 1 或 2 隻小狗,胎兒太多, 胎水過多,胎兒過大等原因。 – 其他如遺傳、營養、脂肪浸潤肌肉層、年齡、神經內 分泌不協調或是全身性疾病等。 – 繼發性子宮無力多是因為產道阻塞以致子宮肌肉層活 力耗盡。 Pronounced toneFlaccidity
母因性難產 先帶狗小跑。 確定產道無阻塞後, 可給 10% calcium gluconate, iv(1ml/min), ml/Kg ,隨時注 意心跳,為保持小型 狗的體力, 可給予 ml 10 %glucose 。
母因性難產 給予鈣劑後若陣痛開始持續,則可考慮給予 oxytocin( 狗 1-5 IU iv 或 IU, im ,貓則給於 0.5 IU ,但不超過 3 IU) 。 給予鈣劑後若陣痛開始持續,則可考慮給予 oxytocin( 狗 1-5 IU iv 或 IU, im ,貓則給於 0.5 IU ,但不超過 3 IU) 。 若給 oxytocin 2 次無反應,則改用人力助產夾出胎 兒 ( 胎數少 ) 或考慮使用帝王切開術。 若給 oxytocin 2 次無反應,則改用人力助產夾出胎 兒 ( 胎數少 ) 或考慮使用帝王切開術。
胎因性難產 oversized fetusesoversized fetuses posterior presentationposterior presentation breech presentationbreech presentation lateral or downward deviation of the headlateral or downward deviation of the head backward flexion of front legsbackward flexion of front legs transverse or bi-cornual presentationtransverse or bi-cornual presentation 2 fetuses presenting simultaneously2 fetuses presenting simultaneously
oversized fetusesoversized fetuses posterior presentationposterior presentation breech presentationbreech presentation lateral or downward deviation of the headlateral or downward deviation of the head backward flexion of front legsbackward flexion of front legs transverse or bi-cornual presentationtransverse or bi-cornual presentation 2 fetuses presenting simultaneously2 fetuses presenting simultaneously
Obstetrician’s check list How many offspring already born? Approximate time of births and living state of any fetuses delivered Passage of placenta? Visual inspection of the vulva Visual inspection of mammary glands Note any fetal movement The degree of the abdominal distension The presence of milk in the mammary glands
Obstetrician’s check list Gynecological exam: digital vaginal examination Check for presence of an amniotic vesicle or fetus Check presentation of fetus Assess tone and dimensions of the anterior vagina Determine the presence and nature of vaginal fluids Assess dimensions of the bony pelvis
Obstetrician’s check list Diagnosis of the cause of dystocia and treatment Evaluate case history, health, and the results of vaginal and abdominal examinations What is the cause of the dystocia? The basic plan of treatment will be to deliver any presenting fetuses and encourage the uterus to present the remaining puppies at the pelvic Is the litter at immediate risk? Is C-section necessary?
Obstetrician’s check list Treatment options for dystocia case 1.Conservative treatment 2.Assisted delivery of a presenting fetus 3.Ecbolic administration – followed by vaginal exam 4.Monitor the delivery of further offspring – assisted manual delivery as required 5.Assisting the efficiency of straining 6.Forceps delivery 7.C-section 8.Confirm delivery of the whole litter
難產救助 助產時需注意狗的骨盤腔開口較陰道高 5-15 cm , 而貓差不多是一致的高度,故牽引胎兒的方向時, 小狗向後下方,而小貓向後方即可。 助產時需注意狗的骨盤腔開口較陰道高 5-15 cm , 而貓差不多是一致的高度,故牽引胎兒的方向時, 小狗向後下方,而小貓向後方即可。
難產救助 陰道觸診或 x ray 可知道胎位胎勢。 陰道觸診或 x ray 可知道胎位胎勢。 使用潤滑液是必須的,先將胎兒推回骨盤腔方向, 可有較大空間調整胎勢,但要在母狗不努責時進 行。 使用潤滑液是必須的,先將胎兒推回骨盤腔方向, 可有較大空間調整胎勢,但要在母狗不努責時進 行。
難產救助 骨盤腔之斜角線較寬, 故牽引胎兒時可轉 45 , 一邊頂住肛門周圍, 再左右牽引。
難產救助 以雙指扣住頭頸部或臀部,另一隻手由母 畜腹部撐住幫忙推。 以雙指扣住頭頸部或臀部,另一隻手由母 畜腹部撐住幫忙推。
難產救助 助產夾只適用於過大胎兒助產,而只有 1 或 2 隻過 大胎兒時使用。助產夾只可夾頸部或臉頰部或骨 盤骨,夾四肢上端但不可夾掌部。 助產夾只適用於過大胎兒助產,而只有 1 或 2 隻過 大胎兒時使用。助產夾只可夾頸部或臉頰部或骨 盤骨,夾四肢上端但不可夾掌部。
Obstetrician’s check list Maternal behavior – unreliable indicator Vaginal examination Abdominal palpation Abdominal Radiography/ultrasonography Is parturition complete?
Clinical case Female Golden RetrieverFemale Golden Retriever 1-year-old1-year-old 38.7 ºC38.7 ºC Mating on 4. Oct. and 5. OctMating on 4. Oct. and 5. Oct Ask for a obstetric examination on 10. Dec.Ask for a obstetric examination on 10. Dec.
All the puppies were delivered on 10. Dec.
Clinical case Female mixedFemale mixed 3-year-old3-year-old 37.4 ºC37.4 ºC Mated 64 days agoMated 64 days ago One puppy was born last nightOne puppy was born last night Depression, anorexia, green discharge was seen around vulvaDepression, anorexia, green discharge was seen around vulva
Obstetrician’s check list Assess fetal hearts is audible Systemic manual palpation of the abdomen Ultrasonographic examination of patient’s abdomen to confirm presence, viability, or evidence of fetal death Radiographic exam of abdomen: possible number or any further fetus, gross maldisposition Gynecological exam: examination of the abdomen
Clinical case Taiwan nativeTaiwan native 2.5-year-old2.5-year-old 38.8 ºC38.8 ºC Mated 62 days agoMated 62 days ago Depression, anorexia, no discharge was seen around vulvaDepression, anorexia, no discharge was seen around vulva Ultrasound: one dead fetus and another puppy with 104 heart beats/ minUltrasound: one dead fetus and another puppy with 104 heart beats/ min
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