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Unit 2 Sailing the oceans

Words minimum pole overhead offshore outward secure magnetic adj. 最小的; 最低的 n. 地极; 柱; 杆 adj. 在头上的 adv. 在头顶上; 在空中 adj. 离岸的; 海面上的 adj. 外面的; 向外的 adv. 向外; 在外 adj. 安全的; 可靠的 adj. 磁的; 有磁性的

adj. 难使用的; 笨拙的 n. 参考 adj. 精确的; 准确的 vt. 单一化; 简单化 adj. 轻便的; 手提的 n. 缺点; 短处 vt. 更新 n. 趋向; 倾向 adj. 可靠的; 可信赖的 awkward reference precise simplify portable shortcoming updated tendency reliable

Warming Up In pairs discuss these questions: 1 What is a navigator? 2 What is the difference between a navigator and an explorer? A navigator explores new routes across the sea. A navigator explores the sea; an explorer discovers new places on land.

Navigator sea nautical instruments find new islands or continents Navigator is someone who finds the position and plots the course of a ship, an aircraft, a car, etc, using maps and instruments.

Explorer land use of compass and landmarks find new places within an already identified island or continent Explorer is someone who travels into or through a place in order to learn about it. Very often navigators are also explorers.

3 Look at these famous people. Are they navigators or explorers? What do you know about them?

Zheng He, in the year between 1405 and 1433, seven large treasure fleets sailed westwards on voyages of trade and exploration. Under the command of Zheng He, the fleets set sail from the South China Sea across the Indian Ocean to the Red Sea, and then traveled further south, discovering the eastern coast of Africa. He renewed relations with the Kingdoms of the East African.

he decided to travel together with his father. Marco Polo Marco Polo was born in Venice in 1254. He was the most famous foreigner to visit Asia during the Middle Ages.       When Marco Polo was still very young, he decided to travel together with his father. It took them more than three years to travel to China. After nearly seventeen years’ travel in the East, Marco and his father wanted to return home.

James Cook (1728-1779) was the greatest Britain navigator. Cook joined the Royal Navy in 1755. In 1768 he was promoted and sent to the Pacific where he surveyed Tahiti, New Zealand, and Australia. On his famous 2nd expedition (1772-75) he explored Antarctica. In 1776 in his third and final voyage, he explored the West coast of North America and discovered the Hawaiian Islands.

Pre-reading Look at the pictures on page 11. Then answer the questions. 1 How do you think seamen found their way before modern accurate methods of navigation were invented? Kept close to the shore, used nature such as the sun, wind, birds, tide, etc, to help them, and used some of the instruments including a compass, astrolabe, etc.

2 Can you identify these early navigational instruments seamen used and explain how they are used? 1 _________________________ 2 _________ 3 _________ 4 ________________________ compass (in ancient China) astrolabe sextant sea / nautical / marine chart

4 Which ones do you think are still used today? Sea charts are still used today.

Reading Now read about what navigation was like before modern instruments were used. SAILING THE OCEANS

Comprehending 1 Read the passage and answer the following questions. 1 What is the use of a bearing circle, astrolabe, quadrant or sextant? ( ) What is the use of a compass? ( ) A to set the course of the ship B to measure the position of the ship C to measure the speed of the ship D to tell the time B A

Why are speed and time important in working out the longitude of a ship? Speed and time are important in finding out the longitude of a ship because the earth moves fifteen degrees westwards every hour. If you know your direction, speed and time, you can work out the approximate longitude or change in your position in relation to the stars.

3 Why is the position of the sun and various stars useful for working out latitude? The position of the sun and stars are useful for working out latitude because they are fixed points in the sky and their movements in relation to the earth are already known. So they can be used to measure a ship's position.

2 Suppose you were a sea captain aiming to sail round Africa. Discuss in groups: 1 What skills would you seek in your sailors? The sailors would need to be excellent navigators, able to deal with both hot and cold weather, experienced in sailing through very bad weather and able to co-operate in a team.

What problems would you anticipate for this journey? I would anticipate very hot weather (around the equator), cold weather (around the Cape of Good Hope) very stormy seas (around the Cape), problems with food and water (the water may be polluted and lack of food, unless helped by local natives), etc.

SAILING THE OCEANS Using nature Using navigational instruments Keeping alongside coastline Using nature Using celestial bodies Using the wildlife SAILING THE OCEANS Using the weather Using the sea Finding longitude(经度) Using navigational instruments Finding latitude(纬度)

3 What would you do if you came across the following problems during your voyage? Read the chart below and fill in your plans of action to deal with them. What would you do if: Plan of action You were far from land and a storm arose. wait till the storm is over, and then find your new position and return to your original course

You knew your latitude but didn't know your longitude. You were blown off-course. use knots(节) to find your speed and work out your approximate longitude use the compass and the astrolabe, quadrant or sextant to find out your position, return to your former course

You were offshore but you needed more food and water. You wanted to keep a straight course. follow nesting birds to shore; look for special cloud formations or fog over streams to find land use a compass

You were lost with no land in sight. measure your position using the sun or stars; look for sea birds, cloud formations, fog or seaweed to show that land is nearby

4 Read the passage again and use the information to analyse the navigational skills. Write the answers in your own words. Using nature To find the ship’s position at sea a sailor used the North Star and the sun.

_______________________ . 3 Sailors used ____________________ 2 A sailor knew that land was nearby if he saw ______________________________ _______________________ . 3 Sailors used ____________________ ______ to increase their speed. fresh seaweed, nesting birds returning home in the evening or fog sea currents or tides and winds

4 There were two methods to find longitude: Using instruments 4 There were two methods to find longitude: 1 _________________________ 2 _______________________ ____________________ . measuring time and speed compass and complicated mathematical tables

of the following instruments: 5 Write down the working principles of the following instruments: Bearing circle: ________________________________ __________________________________ . Astrolabe: ________________________________ _______________________________ . to compare the height of the sun now with the position of the 'sun at midday to compare the position of the ship in relation to some stars or the sun

Quadrant: _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ . a more precise form of the astrolabe, to measure how high stars are above the horizon(地平线), and compare that measurement with previous measurements (using the ship as one of the fixed points to find its position)

Sextant: ______________________________________________________________________. an updated version of the quadrant and so it was more accurate.

5 Imagine you are on a boat with twenty-nine other people 5 Imagine you are on a boat with twenty-nine other people. You have a small box for your personal things but it can only hold ten items. What would you need for a week's journey across the North Sea to England?

sea-sick tablets, cold medicine blanket Category Items Clothes Shoes Hygiene Tools Bedding Medicines Games Books waterproof boots shirt, trousers scissors, knife soap sea-sick tablets, cold medicine blanket cards, chess novels, essay collections

Language points 1. at the mercy of 听任…摆布，在…面前无能为力 They were lost at sea at the mercy of wind and weather. have / show mercy on sb. 宽恕或怜悯某人； without mercy 毫不容情地

2. reference n. ① 提到; 说到; 涉及 Avoid (making ) any reference to his illness . 千万别提起他的病。 ② 附注; 旁注 check your references 要核对引证的资料

【知识拓展】 refer v . 提到，说起，涉及；参考， 查询，常与to 连用。 When I said some people are stupid I wasn’t referring to you. 当我说某个人很愚蠢的时候，我没有提到你。 If you don’t know what this means, please refer to the dictionary. 如果你不知道这是什么意思，请查看字典。

3 simplify v. 简化; 使单纯 She simplified the instructions so that the children could understand them. 她简化了指令以便于儿童理解。 That will simplify my task. 那可简化了我的工作。

4 update v. 更新; 补充最新资料 1. The data should be updated once a week. 这些数据应该每星期更新一次。 2. Maps need regular updates. 地图需要经常修订。 3. I updated the committee on our progress. 我向委员会报告了我们的进展情况。

S subject 主语 P predicate 谓语 O object 宾语 Att attribute 定语 Adv adverbial Short forms 缩略语 S subject P predicate O object Att attribute Adv adverbial Com complement Pre predicative C clause 主语 谓语 宾语 定语 状语 补语 表语 从句

Difficult sentences analysis Att C 1 The number of knots that were counted during a fixed period of time gave the speed of the ship in nautical miles per hour． P O Adv 一定时段得出的绳节数显示航船的海哩时速。

2. Later, when seamen began to use the compass in the 12th century they could calculate longitude using complicated mathematical tables． 后来到了十二世纪海员开始使用指南 针的时候，他们就能够借助复杂的数 学表格计算出航行的经度了。 using complicated mathematical tables 是现在分词短语作状语，表示手段。

3.The earliest，the astrolabe，was a special all-in-one tool for telling the position of the ship in relation to the sun and various stars which covered the whole sky． 最早的，那些古代的星盘，是一种单一 形式的工具，用来确定船舶与太阳和 太空星辰的相对位置。

in relation to …是复合介词短语, 作状语。 in relation to (= concerning) this matter Its brain is small in relation to (= compared with) its body. Little of what he said has any relation to fact.

Unit 2 Grammar Predicate

谓语表述主语的行为动作或所处的状态。谓语的中心词是限定动词，有人称、数的变化。谓语大体上可以分为两类：简单谓语和复合谓语。

简单谓语 凡是由一个动词或短语动词构成，不管是 什么时态、语态、语气，都是简单谓语。 The plane takes off at 8 but this morning it may be delayed by the thick fog． I have tried this way three times and failed three times． 飞机八点起飞，但今天早晨可能会被大 雾耽搁。 我用这种方法试了三次，失败了三次。

复合谓语 复合谓语一般由两部分构成：一是带不 定式的复合谓语(由情态动词或某些动词 加不定式结构)；一是带表语的复合谓语 (由系动词或少数其他动词加表语构成)。 I would like to invite all my friends to the get-together． 我想邀请我所有的朋友去参加聚会。

英语中的主谓一致主要遵循三个原则： 意义一致原则、语法一致原则和邻近原则。这三个原则常常发生矛盾，但当发生冲突时，意义一致原则为优先考虑的原则。

语法一致原则 主语和谓语通常是从语法形式上取得一致，即主语是单数形式，谓语动词也采取单数形式；主语是复数形式，谓语动词也采取复数形式。

1. Mr Black is a well-known scientist on AIDS． 2. These books are intended for children under nine years old． 布莱克先生是著名艾滋病科学家。 这些书是专门为九岁以下的儿 童设计的。

(the old指所有的老年人，指一类人， 指复数概念) 老年人在我们城市 被照顾得很好。 意义一致原则 意义一致原则是指谓语动词的变化是 以主语所表达的单、复数概念而定。 The old are very well taken care of in our city． (the old指所有的老年人，指一类人， 指复数概念) 老年人在我们城市 被照顾得很好。

由and连接的两个单数名词做主语时，谓动一般用复数。 一、并列结构做主语时的主谓一致 由and连接的两个单数名词做主语时，谓动一般用复数。 A young man and a girl want to go there. The singer and the writer are famous to many young people.

但如果意义上指同一个人、同一件事或同一概念时，谓动要用单数。 is The singer and writer ____famous to everyone. (be) A needle(针）and thread(线）_____ found on the floor. (be) was

2.当each…and each…, every…and every…, no…and no…, many a…and many a….等结 构做主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。 ① No man and no animal _____ to be found on the moon. (be) 在月球上没有发现人和动物。 ② Many a doctor and many a nurse _____ busy with their work. (be) 许多医生和护士都在忙于他们的工作。 is is

(根据靠近谓语的主语his parents而定)不是杰克而是他父母应为这个 家庭事故受到责备。 邻近一致原则 邻近一致原则是指谓语动词的变化是 以靠近谓语动词的主语部分而定。 Not Jack but his parents are to blame for the home accident． (根据靠近谓语的主语his parents而定)不是杰克而是他父母应为这个 家庭事故受到责备。

Either you or I ____ mad. (be) 3. 由not only…but also…, either…or…, neither…nor…, …or… 等连接的并列主语，谓动通常依据就近原则。 Either you or I ____ mad. (be) Neither I or you ____ passed the exam. (have) am have

4.当主语由 as well as, along with, together with, rather than, no less than, but, except, in addition to, like, including 等词连接时，其谓动的单复数形式通常由这些词语前的名词来决定。 ① An iron and steel works, with some satellite factories, ____ to be built here. (be) ② The professor, together with many of his students, ____ entering the meeting hall.(be) is is

1. the number of做主语时，谓动用单数；a number of做主语时，谓动用复数。 七、number, many a...等做主语时的主谓一致 1. the number of做主语时，谓动用单数；a number of做主语时，谓动用复数。 The number of mistakes is surprising. A number of books are missing from the library.

2. Many a, more than one+单数名词构成的短语做主语，尽管意义上是复数，但谓动仍用单数。 ① Many a comrade has that of opportunity. ② more than one person is ready to try his luck this time.

This is one of the rooms that were damaged in the fire.

2. 在”the only one of+复数名词+定语从句“结构中，定语从句的谓动仍用单数。 Mary is the only one of the youngest girls who is studying the major of International Law in this university.

1 代词each和由every, some, no, any等构成的复合代词作主语，或主语中含有each, every, 谓语需用单数。 谓语需用单数的几种情形 1 代词each和由every, some, no, any等构成的复合代词作主语，或主语中含有each, every, 谓语需用单数。 a Each of us has a tape-recorder. b There is something wrong with my watch.

2 当主语是一本书或一条格言时， 谓语动词常用单数。 The Arabian Night is a book known to lovers of English. <<天方夜谭>>是英语爱好者熟悉的一本好书。

3 表示金钱，时间，价格或度量衡的复合名词作主语时，通常把这些名词看作一个整体，谓语一般用单数。(用复数也可，意思不变) Three weeks was allowed for making the necessary preparations.

At last, we found ourselves in a pleasant park with trees providing 考点分析： At last, we found ourselves in a pleasant park with trees providing shade and _________ down to eat our picnic lunch． A．sitting B．having sat C．to sit D．sat

答案解析: 本题考查并列谓语的选择。 found与sat down应为并列谓语， 而其余各项均为非谓语动词形式不 能单独作谓语，解题时务必注意并 列连词的作用，

Professor Smith，along with his assistants，_______ on the project day and night to meet the deadline． A．work B．working C．is working D．are working

当“主语+along with/ with/ together with + n. / pron. ” 结构作主语时． 答案解析：本题考查主谓一致用法。 当“主语+along with/ with/ together with + n. / pron. ” 结构作主语时． 其谓语动词的单复数应与主语保持 一致。 因Professor Smith作主语， 故应用单数谓语动词is working。

高考链接 1. A poet and artist ________ coming to speak to us about Chinese literature and painting tomorrow afternoon. （2006 江苏卷）    A. is  B. are  C. was  D. were

2. A survey of the opinions of experts ______ that three hours of outdoor exercise a week _____good for one’s health. (2007 江西卷) A. show; are B. shows; is C. show; is D. shows; are

3. All but one ____ here just now. A. is B.was C. has been D. were ★

★ ★ ★ ★ ★ 4. On the wall______ two large portraits. A. hangs B. hang C. hanged D. hanging 5. “News of victories _____ pouring in as our army advances,” the company commander said. A. keep B. keeps C. kept D. have kept 6. There _____ a lot of milk in the bottle. A. are B. is C. were D. has 7. His family ____ rather big, with twelve people in all. A. is B. are C. being D. was 8. Nobody but Jane ____ the secret. A. know B. knows C. have known D. is known ★ ★ ★ BBBAB★ ★ ★

★ ★ 9. The number of people invited ____ fifty, but a number of them ____ absent for different reasons. A. were; was B. was; was C. was; were D. were; were 10. When and where to build the new factory _____ yet. A. is not decided B. are not decided C. has not decided D. have not decided ★ ★ dabca★

Learning about Language Unit 2 Learning about Language

Discovering useful words and expressions 1 Replace the words underlined by ones of similar meaning from the reading passage. Seeing the dark clouds above him, George hurried for home. overhead

2 Sailing a boat alone far away from the shore made Flora's parents worry about her safety. 3 Clare, would you please put your bicycle next to the others in the shed? offshore alongside

4 "Why don't you plot a more simple route with the smallest number of stops?" asked Mary. 5 Setting out on a long journey by sea with unskilled sailors would be dangerous especially if there were no modern navigational instruments. simplified minimum voyage seamen

2 Find the words from the reading passage that are the opposite of these compound words. nowhere ____________ anywhere ____________ upload ____________ inward ____________ unreliable ____________ land flower ____________ strong point download outward reliable seaweed shortcoming

Complete the following paragraph with the words below. precise outward nowhere awkward reference seaweed accelerate mercy randomly voyage approximate Samuel the sailor was extremely good at plotting his course using the stars as a _________ . One day he was determined to set out on a _______ across an unknown sea to an unknown continent. reference voyage

He set out with his instruments so he would not be at the _____ of the sea. He found on his ________ journey a rocky island. It seemed to be covered in nests. Suddenly, as Samuel looked, an enormous bird swooped down and picked him up as if he were a / an _______ parcel. It __________ its speed and rose straight up into the air so as to reach the _______ place on the rocks where its nest lay. mercy outward awkward accelerate precise

Once there, it shook itself and threw Samuel in the ____________ direction of the nest. There seemed to be ________ to hide but then he noticed lots of ________ on his left and quickly hid under it. The bird landed nearby and pecked(啄食) _________ at the rocks. Samuel rolled over swiftly and found himself at the edge of the cliff. approximate nowhere seaweed randomly

He looked down slowly with a beating heart He looked down slowly with a beating heart. Below him was his boat lying _________ the shore! "How lucky I am!" Samuel thought to himself. He then gave a mighty leap and landed in it. Once inside he could safely sail away. alongside

Revising useful structures 1 Read the information below and learn more about Captain Cook. Then underline the predicates in the sentences. 1 James Cook was a great English navigator and Pacific Ocean expedition leader.

He had not only an outstanding ability in navigation and exploration, but also a real concern for sailors' health. He carried out compulsory dietary reforms that were copied by many other ship captains. 3 He had led three great Pacific voyages during his life.

4 In his first Pacific voyage in 1769, James Cook rounded Cape Horn, then spent six months charting New Zealand, and finally explored and claimed possession of eastern Australia. 5 In 1772, Captain Cook set sail to look for a "theorized great southern continent". Although they could not manage to reach the Antarctic owing to the ice, he predicted that if it did exist, it would have to be a wasteland.

6 In 1776, Captain Cook started his third Pacific voyage, searching for the Northwest Passage from the Pacific Ocean to the Atlantic Ocean. Unfortunately, he was killed in a dispute with Hawaiian natives and his men's attempt at the Northwest Passage was unsuccessful. However, this voyage is still recognized as especially significant in the history of the discovery of the west coast of North America.

2 Complete the following dialogue, using verbs in their proper forms. Remember to read the conversation before and after each blank before you fill it in. Susan: Do you think you'll be going to that pop concert next week? Clare: No. Let's forget about that as it'll soon be time for our exams. Susan: ____________________________ Do you need to do more revision?

more revision. I've done enough but it'll help me forget the concert Clare: I don't really think I need to do more revision. I've done enough but it'll help me forget the concert you'll be enjoying. Susan: ____________________________ _____________________________ Is there another reason why you don't want to come to the concert?

Clare: Actually there is a reason. I don't think I'm going to have enough money even though I've been saving especially for this occasion. Susan:______________________________ _______________________________ __________ . Perhaps I can help you. I always earn extra money by cleaning cars. My father always pays me when I clean his

Clare: Well, thank you for offering to help me. I'll happily clean your father's car if he'll pay me too. Susan:_____________________________ _____________________________ I'm sure he will. He’s always been kind to my friends.

Clare: I hope you'll thank him for me. I'd never be allowed to clean my father's car. He is so proud of it he won't let anyone touch it. Susan: _____________________________ ______________________________ Oh this is my father's fourth car so the excitement has worn off a little.

Clare: His fourth car? My goodness. He must have been earning a lot of money to have owned so many. Susan:____________________________ _____________________________ __________ I suppose so. He has his own business so he needs a car for his work.

Clare: Oh I see! That explains things. Please would you phone him now and ask him when it would be convenient for me to clean it? Susan: _____________________________ Of course I'll do that right away.

Clare: That's so kind of you. Now while I'm doing the cleaning perhaps you can order our tickets for the concert. I'll go and get ready to begin work. See you soon. Thanks and goodbye.

Unit 2 Using Language

Words incident departure crew deposit dilemma drawback dusk n. 事件; 事变 vt. 放; 存入银行 n. 进退两难的局面 n. 缺点; 障碍 n. 薄暮; 黄昏

routine reckon reckoning starvation psychology psychologically tension n. 常规; 日常事务 vt. 计算; 估计 n. 计算; 估计 n. 挨饿; 饿死 n. 心理学 adv. 心理上地;心理学地 n. 紧张; 不安; 张力

gradual gradually foresee thirst tear hardship jaw adj. 逐渐的; 逐步的 adv.逐渐地; 逐步 vt. 预见; 预知 n. 渴; 口渴 vt. 扯破; 撕破 n. 困难; 艰难 n. 颚; 颌; 下巴

Expressions set loose jaws of death 出发；开始 鬼门关；死神

THE GREATEST NAVIGATIONAL JOURNEY: A LESSON IN SURVIVAL 1 When Captain Bligh returned home he was treated as a hero. It was discussed whether he should receive a special medal or not. Get into groups of four and discuss these questions. Then role-play the dialogue.

Unit 2 Workbook Exercises

Using words and expressions Look at each sentence. Complete it with a word opposite in meaning to the one underlined in the sentence. EXAMPLE: The return voyage was calm, but during the outward voyage we had one storm after another.

1 When the dawn appeared and outlined the African mountains, they were very beautiful, but at _____ the mountains appeared dark and very frightening. On the arrival of the Queen of England everyone bowed, but on her __________ . everyone waved her goodbye instead. 3 Relaxation exercises are a good way to calm one's mind, but too much exercise brings too much ________ . dusk departure tension

4 When climbing the mountain we had to slow down before we reached the top, but on the way down we ___________ all the way. 5 To buy a new car every year would represent a life of luxury, but not to have one is no ________ when there are so many buses and taxis. accelerated hardship

2 Use the words or phrases below in their proper forms to complete the passage. survival portable starvation incident jaws of death compulsory crew parcel thirst dilemma psychologically foresee

portable compulsory survival foreseen Last year I had a bad experience in the jungle of South America. We had set out with a ________ compass, which was __________ for locating the source of the local river. Our depended _______ on our navigating skills, but what nobody could have ________ was that we would break our compass. portable compulsory survival foreseen

Without it, I, as leader, was on the horns of a _______ Without it, I, as leader, was on the horns of a _______ . Should we wait for rescue or continue our expedition and perhaps get lost? My decision was made when we counted our food supplies. _________ was not going to be a problem, but _______ was something that we were going to have to deal with ______________ . So we waited where we were. dilemma Starvation thirst psychologically

Luckily the police sent a small airplane to find us and drop us a _______ of supplies and a new compass. When we eventually arrived back from our journey, the air _____ congratulated us on our escape from the ____________ . Only their help combined with our self-control and determination prevented this _______ from becoming a disaster! parcel crew jaws of death incident

3 Translate the following sentences into English, using the words and phrase in brackets. 1 渐渐地，我习惯了学校的常规。既然我已经上了高级班，就可以自己制定学习计划了。(gradually； routine) I have gradually accepted / got used to the routine at school now that I am in the advanced class and can make my own study plan.

2 让那个女孩来拍广告有一个不利条件，就是她方方的下巴使她看上去不大友好。(drawback；jaw) The drawback of using that girl for the advertising was her square jaw which made her look unfriendly.

3 数学是一门需要精密准确工作的学科。(mathematics；precise) Mathematics is a subject which demands precise and accurate work.

4 在公园里，我看见一个小男孩手持风筝线，风筝在他的头顶上正由风摆布，忽上忽下。(overhead；at the mercy of ) In the park I saw a small boy holding the string of a kite overhead, which was rising and falling at the mercy of the wind.

5 那个探险家想成为第一个到达南极的人以确保他在历史上的地位。(secure; pole) That explorer wanted to secure his place in history by being the first man to reach the South Pole.

6 王先生每月往银行里存款，好攒钱买一所公寓，以尽他对家庭的责任。(deposit；responsibility) Mr Wang made a deposit into the bank every month to save for a flat so that he could fulfil his responsibility to his family.

In 1909 a disagreement _____ (arise) over Using strutures Read this passage and then fill in the missing predicates using the verbs in brackets. In 1909 a disagreement _____ (arise) over who had been the first person to reach the North Pole. This geographical point to the north of the earth ___________ (can, find) among the ice and snow that _____ (float) on the northern sea. arose can be found floats

Three men _____ (make) the same claim: Frederick Cook, Matthew Hensen and Robert Peary. The first to suggest that he ___________ (reach) the North Pole was Frederick Cook. His claim ____ soon _____ (find) to be false when the photographs he ________ (use) as evidence _______ (prove) to be fakes. made had reached was found had used proved

The second ____ (be) Matthew Hensen, a black American explorer of the Arctic. He was the servant of the third candidate, Robert Peary and ________________ (travel) with him across the Arctic for twenty years. He _____ (state) that he and Robert Peary ___ both _______ (reach) the North Pole together. was had been travelling stated had reached

declared seemed refused was disappeared The American Congress, however, _______ (declare) that Peary was the true winner of this race to be the first American to reach the North Pole. It ______ (seem) that although Hensen and Peary travelled together, Peary _______ (refuse) to allow Hensen to join in his success. Evidence that Hensen ____ (be) there (such as his 110 photographs) all mysteriously ___________ (disappear). declared seemed refused was disappeared

It seems we ____ (may) never know exactly which American(s) reached the North Pole first. But the Inuit ___ (be) certain that they ___________ (live) there long after the problem ________ (solve). may are will be living is solved

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