Human anatomy 山东大学医学院 解剖教研室 李振华
Basic Concepts of Anatomy Definition: human anatomy, the oldest science dealing with the structures and functions of body Organization Systematic anatomy Regional anatomy Neuroanatomy Sectional anatomy Functional anatomy Clinical anatomy
人体解剖学发展简史 Hippocrates----希波克拉底(公元前460~377)古希腊名医、欧洲医学奠基人。他提出“体液学说”,认为人体由血液、粘液、黄胆和黑胆四种体液组成,这四种体液的不同配合使人们有不同的体质。他把疾病看作是发展着的现象,认为医师所应医治的不仅是病而是病人;从而改变了当时医学中以巫术和宗教为根据的观念。主张在治疗上注意病人的个性特征、环境因素和生活方式对患病的影响。重视卫生饮食疗法,但也不忽视药物治疗,尤其注意对症治疗和预后。他对骨骼、关节、肌肉等都很有研究。他的医学观点对以后西方医学的发展有巨大影响。
人体解剖学发展简史 Vesalius------(1514~1564) 现代解剖学的奠基人,亲自从事人的尸体解剖,最终在1543年出版了《人体构造》这一划时代的解剖学巨著。 Modern medicine began in 1543 with the publication of the first complete textbook of human anatomy, De Humanis Corporis Fabrica by Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564).
人体解剖学发展简史 Harvey------(1578~1657) 解剖生理学家,通过动物实验研究,确定血液是在一个封闭的管道内循环,证明了血液循环的原理。著有《血液循环论》、《动物的发生》两书。开创了动物实验研究的道路。
我国人体解剖学的发展历程 公元前300~200《黄帝内经》已有对人体解剖的记载。 两宋时代《五脏六腑》、《存真图》描述了解剖学知识。崇宁间(1102—1106)医学家杨介再度与画工配合,对死囚犯的尸体进行解剖,绘制了著名的《存真图》。《存真图》绘制精细而具体,不仅从人体正面、侧面、背面多角度绘制,而且对内脏之间的联系均有准确描绘。
我国人体解剖学的发展历程 清代名医王清任(1768~1831)编著的《医林改错》更为详细的描述了解剖学知识。王清任认为:“著书不明脏腑,岂非痴人说梦?治病不明脏腑,何异盲子夜行!”他发现前人关于脏腑的论述及绘图常常“自相矛盾”,于是放弃一味的文献考订,顶着封建礼教的压力,利用各种机会亲自观察或解剖尸体,亲赴墓地观察弃婴尸体,进行人体脏器研究,终于绘制出新的人体脏腑图,并收入《医林改错》一书。
我国人体解剖学的发展历程 1949~2006年我国解剖学工作者队伍迅速成长,编写了多套具有我国特色的解剖学教材和解剖学图谱,对我国解剖学事业的发展做出了巨大的贡献。
Special techniques X-rays radiograph
MRI scan of head in sagittal plane. MR scan showing an enhancing mass which is a meningioma growing from the meninges at the edge of the foramen magnum. The tumour is benign but is causing compression of the brain stem and secondary hydrocephalus.
人体解剖教学特点 人体解剖学的教学包括讲授和实地解剖。主要讲授各系统的总论和各解剖操作区的重点内容。实地解剖采取分组形式,在教师指导下,按照解剖操作指导,参照图谱由学生亲自动手解剖尸体,部分内容观察标本和模型。同时,密切结合活体的观察和触摸,并适当的结合一些临床病例讨论以增强对解剖学内容的理解和记忆。 教学大纲所列教学内容按要求程度的不同,分为“掌握内容”和“了解内容”两级。掌握内容为重点内容,学生必须通过反复学习与思考达到牢固掌握、熟练描述、准确指认和联系实际应用的程度。了解内容则要求学生达到一般的认识和了解。
Examination Identify 20 structures (30 marks) Written examination 35 single-choice questions (35 marks) 15 multi-choice questions (15 marks) 4 short answer questions (20marks)
人体解剖学英文名词的学习方法 由于大部分人体解剖学英文名词来自希腊语和拉丁语,这些单词在中学阶段的英语课文中几乎没有涉及到,所以记忆起来比较困难。在多年的教学实践中,我体会到以下几点可能对同学掌握好解剖学英文名词有所帮助。 1.抓住重点:在学习人体解剖学时,一名医学生不可能记忆那么多的解剖学英文名词,也没有必要背那么多。解剖学教学大纲要求掌握内容中的解剖学英文名词是最基本和最重要的,要重点记忆,这对今后学习后续课程有很大帮助(例如生理学、药理学、病理学、内、外、妇、儿科学及影像学);了解内容中的解剖学英文名词认识即可。
人体解剖学英文名词的学习方法 2.巧用图书:同学们可充分利用《英汉人体解剖学与组织和胚胎学名词》一书,将重点名词标出来,因为该书的英文名词是按其在教材中出现的顺序排列,所以在解剖学课堂上可按标出的重点名词看标本,加强形象记忆;课下根据此书标注的国际音标正确发音,反复大声朗读。 拥有一本图文并茂、英汉对照或纯英文注释的解剖学图谱对学习解剖学英文名词也有很大的帮助。同学们可到图书馆去借阅各种解剖学图谱,或根据自己的爱好、经济情况购买解剖学图谱。如果有兴趣,自己以简图的形式把重点的解剖内容画出来,把重要结构标记上中、英文,自制一本解剖图谱,记忆效果也非常好。
人体解剖学英文名词的学习方法 3.大声朗读:大声、正确地朗读解剖学英文名词是记忆词汇的有效方法。通过大声朗读,充分刺激大脑的记忆中枢,比只看不读或小声嘟囔记得快、记得牢有些解剖学名词出现次数少,不好记忆,容易混淆,例如tropezium(大多角骨)和tropezoid(小多角骨),大声多念几遍,根据发音就会记住他们的区别。又如calcaneus(跟骨)、 claustrum(屏状核)、 amygdaloid body(杏仁体)等名词大声多念几遍后,再当你念出第1~2个音节时,后面的音节就会脱口而出,收到事半功倍的效果。
人体解剖学英文名词的学习方法 4.注重重复:同学们在学习解剖学时,可能被大量生僻、难记的骨学中、英文名词吓了一大跳,感觉这么多名词铺天盖地涌来,能记住中文名词就够费劲的了,何况还要记这么多古怪的英文名词,所以产生畏难情绪,这是可以理解的。如何记住这些名词呢?除了以上抓住重点、巧用图书、大声朗读以外,还要注重重复。例如骨学名词在学习关节学和肌学时会重复出现,在学习关节的构成、关节囊和韧带的附着部位、肌肉的起止点等都涉及重要骨点,利用这个机会就可以加强骨学名词的记忆。内脏的名词也很多,尤其是消化系统的名词最多,学习脉管时有所重复;中枢神经系统名词也不少,通过学习神经传导通路和周围神经进行重复,加强记忆。
人体解剖学英文名词的学习方法 5.牢记词干:有些解剖学名词特别长,例如sternocleidomastoid(胸锁乳突肌)虽然由19个字母组成,仔细分析该词由stern-、cleid-、mastoid三个词干组成,词干与词干之间夹一元音字母o; 又如temporomandibular joint(颞下颌关节)、coracobrachialis( 喙肱肌)、brachioradialis(肱桡肌)、pancreaticoduodenal(胰十二指肠的)、iliohypogastric(髂腹下的)、pericardiacophranic artery(心包膈动脉)等名词都是由很多字母组成的,细分一下也是由2~3个词干组合而成。故按照教学大纲的要求,掌握了了最重要的解剖名词词干,再学习其他名词就容易得多。 有很多解剖学名词是由前缀或后缀加词干构成的,例如para-(副),parasympathetic(副交感);pre-(前),preganglionic(节前的);sub-(下),subclavian artery(锁骨下动脉);supra-(上),suprascapular artery(肩胛上动脉)等。
人体解剖学英文名词的学习方法 6.打好基础:解剖学英文名词是医学名词的基础,在后续的医学基础课程中,如生理学、药理学、病理学等,需要应用大量的解剖学英文名词。临床各科,如内科、外科、影像学等学科也应用了大量的解剖学英文名词。并且,很多疾病的名称或手术等就是在解剖学英文名词词干加上后缀衍化而来的,例如appendicitis(阑尾炎),就是append-(阑尾)加后缀-itis 组成。gastr-(胃的)加后缀-itis组成gastritis(胃炎); bronchitis(气管炎)由bronch-(气管)加后缀-itis 组成。append-(阑尾)加后缀-ectomy组成appendectomy(阑尾切除术)。gastr-(胃的)加后缀-ectomy组成gastrectomy(胃切除术)。laryng- (喉) 加后缀-otomy组成laryngotomy(喉切开术)。学好解剖学英文名词就为这些后续的医学基础课程打下坚实的基础。
Work hard! Play hard!
Descriptive anatomical terms 解剖术语 The anatomical position: (解剖学姿势) The body is upright, legs together, and directed forwards. The palms are turned forward, with the thumbs laterally.
The terms of the direction方位术语 superior 上 (cranial 颅侧) inferior 下 (caudal 尾侧 ) Anterior 前 (ventral 腹侧 ) Posterior 后 (dorsal 背侧 ) medial 内侧 lateral 外侧 internal 内 external 外 superficial 浅 profound 深 proximal 近侧 distal 远侧
The terms of the direction方位术语 ulnar 尺侧 radial 桡侧 tibial 胫侧 fibular 腓侧 left 左 right 右 vertical 垂直 horizontal 水平 central 中央 unilateral 一侧 bilateral 双侧 contralateral 对侧 homolateral 同侧
Anatomical axes and planes (轴与面) Axis 轴: Vertical axis 垂直轴 Sagittal axis 矢状轴 Coronal axis 冠状轴
Anatomical axes and planes (轴与面) Sagittal plane 矢状面 Coronal plane 冠状面 Horizontal plane水平面 or transverse plane 横切面
Planes of the Body Fig 2.8 Sagittal Frontal Transverse
Abbreviations of terms a., aa. artery, arteries ant. anterior f. fibre or fiber inf. inferior lig. ligament ln. lymph node m., mm. muscle, muscles n., nn. nerve, nerves post. posterior sup. superior v. vein
The Locomotor System 运动系统 Composed Bones 骨 Joints 关节 Muscles 骨骼肌 Major function Support 支持 Protection 保护 Locomotion 运动
Introduction of the osteology 骨学总论 Classification of bone Bones in adult are 206 in number. Bones are classified according to their position and shape. The position can be: skull 颅骨 bones of trunk 躯干骨 appendicular skeleton 四肢骨 Types of shape include: 1. long bone 长骨 2. short bone 短骨 3. flat bone 扁骨 4. irregular bone 不规则骨
Introduction of the osteology 骨学总论 1. Long bones (found in limbs): Diaphysis or shaft 骨干, which is hollow (medullary cavity 骨髓腔), filled with bone marrow Two ends-epiphysis 骺 Articular surface 关节面 Metaphysis 干骺端 Epiphysial cartilage 骺软骨 Epiphysial line 骺线 2. Short bones: cuboidal in shape, e.g. carpal bones
Introduction of the osteology 骨学总论 3. Flat bones: thin, 4. Irregular bones: have any irregular or mixed shape, e.g. vertebrae, pneumatic bones 含气骨 * Sesamoid bones 籽骨develop within tendon
General structures of bone骨的构造 Bony substance 骨质 Periosteum 骨膜 Bone marrow 骨髓
General structures of bone骨的构造 1. Bony substance 骨质 compact bone 骨密质 spongy bone 骨松质 Trabeculae 骨小梁
General structures of bone骨的构造 ※In the flat bones of the skull, the layers of compact bone are called the outer plate 外板and inner plate 内板, while the layer of spongy bone is called the diploë 板障
General structures of bone骨的构造 2. Periosteum 骨膜: Outer or fibrous layer Inner layer is vascular and provides the underlying bone with nutrition. It also contains osteoblasts(成骨细胞) Endosteum 骨内膜 is a single-cellular osteogenic layer lining the inner surface of bone. 3. Bone marrow 骨髓 Red marrow 红骨髓:haematopoietic 造血 Yellow marrow黄骨髓: fatty
Chemical composition and physical properties 化学成分和物理性质 Organic material 有机质:the main one is collagen gives the bones resilience and toughness Inorganic salts 无机质: the main one is calcium phosphate give the bones hardness and rigidity Organic material Inorganic salts Children 1 Adult 3 7 Old 4
Ⅰ. Bones of trunk 躯干骨 Composition: Vertebrae 椎骨 Sacrum 骶骨 Coccyx 尾骨 Sternum 胸骨 Ribs 肋
1. Vertebrae 椎骨 Cervical vertebrae 颈椎 C. 7 Thoracic vertebrae 胸椎 T. 12 There are 33 vertebrae in children, arranged as follows: Cervical vertebrae 颈椎 C. 7 Thoracic vertebrae 胸椎 T. 12 Lumbar vertebrae 腰椎 L. 5 Sacral vertebrae 骶椎 S. 5 →sacrum 骶骨 Coccygeal vertebrae 尾椎 Co.3-4 →coccyx 尾骨
1)General features of vertebrae椎骨的一般形态 Vertebral body 椎体 Vertebral arch 椎弓 pedicle of vertebral arch 椎弓根: sup. and inf. vertebral notch 椎上、下切迹 lamina of vertebral arch 椎弓板 process (7): spinous process 棘突 transverse process 横突 sup. and inf. articular processes 上、下关节突 Vertebral foramen 椎孔 Vertebral canal 椎管 Intervertebral foramen 椎间孔
2)Regional variations of vertebrae 各部椎骨的特征
(1)Thoracic vertebrae 胸椎 Vertebrae Body : heart-shape, superior and inferior costal fovea 上、下肋凹 Vertebral foramen: smaller, rounder Spinous processes: long, point obliquely downward Transverse processes: transverse costal fovea 横突肋凹 Articular processes: coronal
(2)Cervical vertebrae 颈椎 Vertebrae Body: small uncus of vertebral body 椎体钩 Vertebral foramen: large and triangular in shape Spinous processes: short and bifid in C3 to C5, long in C6, and longer in C7 Transverse processes: short and bifid, transverse foramen 横突孔 Articular processes: horizontal
Atypical vertebeae 非典型颈椎 Atlas 寰椎 (C1) Body and spinous process absent consists of anterior and posterior arches, and two lateral masses Groove for vertebral artery 椎动脉沟
Atypical vertebeae 非典型颈椎 Axis 枢椎 (C2): Distinguished by dens 齿突 Which articulates with dental fovea of anterior arch of atlas
Atypical vertebeae 非典型颈椎 Carotid tubercle: 颈动脉结节: anterior tubercle of transverse process of C6 Vertebra prominens 隆椎(C7):contains long and non-bifid spinous process, it is visible with neck flexed, used as clinical landmark in counting cervical and thoracic spinous processes
(3)Lumbar vertebrae 腰椎 Vertebrae Body: larger, kidney-shape Vertebral foramen: larger and triangular Spinous processes: projects horizontally Transverse processes: long Articular processes: sagittal
Regional variations of vertebrae 各部椎骨的特征 Cervical vertebrae Thoracic vertebrae Lumber vertebrae Body Small Heart-shape, have superior and inferior costal fovea for rib heads Larger, kidney-shape Vertebral foramen Larger and triangular Smaller, rounder Spinous processes Short and bifid in C3 to C5, long in C6,and longer in C7 Long, point obliquely downward Projects horizontally Transverse processes Short and bifid, transverse foramen Have transverse costal fovea for rib tubercles Long Articular processes Horizontal Coronal Sagittal
(4)Sacrum 骶骨 Anterior surface: Posterior surface: Lateral part: Promontory 岬 anterior sacral foramina 骶前孔(four pairs) Posterior surface: median sacral crest 骶正中嵴 posterior sacral foramina 骶后孔(four pairs) sacral canal 骶管 sacral hiatus 骶管裂孔 sacral cornu 骶角 Lateral part: auricular surface 耳状面 sacral tuberosity 骶粗隆
Cornua Sacral hiatus palpation
caudal anaesthesia
2. Sternum胸骨 Manubrium sterni 胸骨柄 Body of sternum 胸骨体 jugular notch 颈静脉切迹 clavicular notch 锁切迹 Body of sternum 胸骨体 Costal notches 肋切迹 Xiphoid process 剑突
2. Sternum胸骨 ★ Sternal angle 胸骨角: the junction of manubrium and body which connects 2nd costal cartilage laterally lies opposite lower border of T4 posteriorly
3. Ribs肋 General features 12 pair Ribs 1~7 called true ribs 真肋 Ribs 8~10 called false ribs 假肋 Ribs 11~12 called floating ribs 浮肋
1)Characteristics of “typical” rib 典型肋骨 Posterior end costal head 肋头 costal neck 肋颈 costal tubercle 肋结节 Shaft costal angle 肋角 costal groove 肋沟 Anterior end
Atypical rib 非典型肋骨 First rib: tubercle for scalenus anterior 前斜角肌结节 sulcus for subclavian vein and artery 锁骨下静、动脉沟 11th and 12th ribs lack costal necks, tubercles and angles
You must identify follow structures! Vertebral body 椎体 Vertebral arch 椎弓 pedicle of vertebral arch 椎弓根 sup. and inf. vertebral notch 椎上、下切迹 lamina of vertebral arch 椎弓板 spinous process 棘突 transverse process 横突 sup. and inf. articular processes 上、下关节突 Vertebral foramen 椎孔 Intervertebral foramen 椎间孔 superior and inferior costal fovea 上、下肋凹 transverse costal fovea 横突肋凹 transverse foramen 横突孔 Atlas 寰椎 Groove for vertebral artery 椎动脉沟 Promontory 岬 anterior sacral foramina 骶前孔median sacral crest 骶正中嵴 posterior sacral foramina 骶后孔
You must identify follow structures! sacral canal 骶管 sacral hiatus 骶管裂孔 sacral cornu 骶角 auricular surface 耳状面 sacral tuberosity 骶粗隆 Manubrium sterni 胸骨柄 jugular notch 颈静脉切迹 clavicular notch 锁切迹 Body of sternum 胸骨体 Xiphoid process 剑突 Sternal angle胸骨角 costal head 肋头 costal neck 肋颈 costal tubercle 肋结节 costal angle 肋角 costal groove 肋沟