Chapter 4 The skull Section 1 Bones of the skull Cerebral cranium脑颅 (8) Cranium(23) Facial cranium面颅(15) Cerebral cranium: frontal额骨1, parietal顶骨2, occipital枕骨1, temporal颞骨2, ethmoid筛骨1, sphenoid bones蝶骨1. Facial cranium: lacrimal泪骨2, nasal鼻骨2, maxillae上颌骨2, zygomatic bone颧骨2, palatine腭骨2, inferor nasal conchae 下鼻甲2, vomer犁骨1, mandible下颌骨1, hyoid bone舌骨1.

额骨 顶骨 颞骨 蝶骨 颧骨 枕骨 上颌骨 下颌骨 鼻骨 泪骨 下鼻甲 犁骨

frontal sphenoid ethmoid nasal zygomatic maxilla lacrimal WHK

Side view parietal frontal sphenoid occipital temporal nasal zygomatic maxilla lacrimal ethmoid mandible WHK

Frontal bone 额骨1 Frontal squama 额鳞 Fronal tuber 额结节 Superciliary arch 眉弓 Orbital margin 眶上缘 Supraorbital notch 眶上切迹 Lacrimal fossa 泪腺窝 （眉弓深面含额窦）

occipital bone 枕骨1 foramen magnum 枕骨大孔 occipital condyle 枕髁 external occipital protuberance 枕外隆突 superior nuchal line 上项线 internal pccipital protuberance 枕内隆突 transverse sulcus 横沟 hypoglossal canal 舌下神经管

temporal bone 颞骨2 3部：squamous portion 鳞部 tympanic portion 鼓部 petrous portion 岩部 mastoid peocess 乳突 zygomatic arch 颧弓 external acoustic pore 外耳门 mandibular fossa 下颌窝 styloid process 茎突 stylomastoid foramen 茎乳孔 external and internal opening of carotid canal颈动脉管外口和内口 internal acoustic pore 内耳门 trigeminal impression 三叉神经压迹 arcuate eminence 弓状隆起 tegmen tympani 鼓室盖

Sphenoid bone 蝶骨1 蝶骨体（含蝶窦） 蝶鞍和垂体窝 大翼、小翼和翼突 视神经管和视神经交叉沟 眶上裂 圆孔、棘孔、卵圆孔

ethmoid bone 筛骨1 筛板和筛孔 鸡冠和垂直板 筛骨迷路和上鼻甲、中鼻甲 （筛骨迷路内含筛窦）

Maxilla 上颌骨2 上颌体（含上颌窦） 额突 腭突 颧突 牙槽突

palatine bone 腭骨2 垂直板 水平板 Vomer 犁骨1 hyoid bone 舌骨1 大角、小角和舌骨体

Mandible 下颌骨1 Mandibulae body 下颌体 Mandibular ramus 下颌支 Mandibular angle 下颌角 Mandibular head 下颌头 Mandibular neck 下颌颈 Coronoid process 冠突 Mandibular notch 下颌切迹 Mandibular foramen 下颌孔 Mandibular canal 下颌管 Mental foramen 颏孔 Alveolar process 牙槽突

Section 2 The Joints of skull 1 Section 2 The Joints of skull 1. most bones of the skull are connected together by suture, synchodroseis, or synostosis. 2. the hyoid bone is connected to the bottom of skull by the ligments. 3. the temporomandibular joint

The temporomandibular joint 颞下颌关节 head of mandibular condyle 髁突的下颌头 temporal articular tubercle 颞骨的关节结节 mandibular fossa of temporal bone 颞骨的下颌窝 temporomandibular ligament articular disc 关节盘 运动：张口、闭口、咀嚼、说话等 易发生前脱位

Section 3 The skull as a whole suture pterion (组成、临床意义） zygomatic arch temporal fossa infratemporal fossa pterygopalatine fossa 颅顶骨折易造成 颅内血肿； 颅底骨折易造成 血液或 脑脊液外漏。

WHK

pterygopalatine fossa WHK

cribriform foramen (I) Anterior cranial fossa cribriform foramen (I) Middle cranial fossa optic canal (II) chiasmatic sulcus hypophysial fossa superior orbital fissure (III,IV,VI,V-1) foramen rotundum (V-2) foramen ovale (V-3) foramen spinosum (middle meningeal a.) foramen lacerum carotid sulcus (carotid a.) trigeminal impression arcuate eminence tegmen tympani Posterior cranial fossa internal acoustic pore (VII,VIII) jugular foramen (IX,X,XI, internal jugular v.) hypoglossal canal (XII) foramen magnum (spinal cord)

颅底内面观 鸡冠 筛板/筛孔 垂体窝 视神经管 眶上裂 鼓室盖 卵圆孔 棘孔 枕骨大孔 舌下神经管内口 横窦沟 乙状窦沟 颈静脉孔 内耳门

C. 颅底外面观 incisive foramen bony palate posterior nasal aperture pterygoid process zygomatic arch mandibular fossa foramen ovale foramen spinosum foramen lacerum external opening of carotid canal mastoid proces styloid process stylomastoid foramen (VII) jugular foramen hypoglossal canal foramen magnum external occipital protuberance superior nuchal line

6颅底外面观 骨腭 犁骨 卵圆孔 棘孔 枕骨大孔 枕髁 舌下N管外口 颈静脉孔 颈A管外口 茎突 茎乳孔 乳突 外耳门 切牙孔 鼻后孔 下颌窝 6颅底外面观

D. Orbit 眶 横置的锥形：四壁、底、尖 视神经管 泪腺窝 眶上孔/切迹 眶上裂 眶下裂 眶下沟 眶下孔 泪囊窝 内侧壁和上壁较薄弱。 尖：optic canal 上壁：fossa for lacrimal gland superior orbital notch (foramen) superior orbital fissure 下壁：inferior orbital fissure inferior orbital sulcus ↓ inferior orbital canal inferior orbital foramen 内侧壁：fossa for lacrimal sac nasolacrimal canal

E. bony nasal cavity 骨性鼻腔 bont nasal septum paranasal sinuses : frontal sinus sup. mid. inf. nasal concha, （ 名称、位置 sphenoidal sinus sup. mid. inf. nasal meatus 开口、临床 ） ethmoidal sinuses anterior nasal apeterer (piriform) maxillary sinus posterior nasal apeture 犁骨 筛骨垂直板 筛板 骨腭 上/中/下鼻甲

组成：maxilla , mandible, palatine; F. bony oral cavity 组成：maxilla , mandible, palatine; bony palate（骨腭）: horizontal plate and alveolar process of maxilla incisive foramen → canal → nasal cavity

SECTION 4 新生儿颅骨的特征 面颅与脑颅的比例较成人大； 骨与骨的间隙被结缔组织封闭，称为囟 fontanelle； anterior fontanelle 前（额）囟：一般在一岁半左右闭合 posterior fontanelle 后（枕）囟：出生后不久即闭合 sphenoid fontanelle and mastoid fontanelle 骨的结节、突起不明显，鼻旁窦发育尚不完善。