Nouns 英语名词分为专有名词和普通名词两大类。 A. 名词的分类 普通名词又可分为可数名词和不可数名词。可数名词 有单数和复数之分，不可数名词没有复数形式。但在特殊情况下，他们也可用作可数名词。

Nouns B. 名词复数形式的构成 （1） 规则变化 1. 词尾 + s: desks, maps, cats, roofs… pens, rooms, dogs, cars… 2. 词尾 + es: buses, watches, glasses, brushes… 3. 辅音 + y → ies: baby – babies, city – cities 4. 元音 + y → ys: days, boys, keys… 5. 辅音 + o +es: potatoes, tomatoes, heroes 例外：kilos, photos, pianos…

Nouns B. 名词复数形式的构成 （1） 规则变化 6. 元音 + o + s: zoos, bamboos, radios, studios工作室 7. 词尾f或fe →ves: half – halves, life – lives, knife –knifes /self, shelf架子，loaf 一条，wife, thief, wolf, leaf, etc 例外： roofs, chiefs 首领，proofs, beliefs, safes保险箱, griefs 悲伤，handkerchiefs, cliffs悬崖，…

Nouns B. 名词复数形式的构成 （1） 规则变化 8. 字母或数字的复数形，以加s为原则： e.g. mind your p’s and q’s谨慎行事 in the 1980’s = in the 1980s’ phD’s = phDs

Nouns B. 名词复数形式的构成 （2） 不规则变化 1. 改变元音的字母： man – men, woman – women, foot – feet, goose – geese, tooth – teeth, mouse – mice 2. 词尾 + en 或 ren: ox – oxen, child – children 3. 单复数同形: deer, sheep, aircraft航空器，cattle, Chinese,

Nouns B. 名词复数形式的构成 （2） 不规则变化 4. 外来语的复数形： datum – data, basis – bases, crisis – crises, antenna – antennae, medium – media, analysis – analyses, …

Nouns B. 名词复数形式的构成 （3） 复合名词的复数 1. 主要的词改为复数： passers-by 行人，fathers-in-law岳父， maid-servants女仆 2. 前后两词均改为复数： men-servants, women-doctors, 3. 词尾+ s: grown-ups, forget-me-nots勿忘草

Nouns C. 使用名词单复数时的注意事项 1. 表示不可数名词量的概念，要使用单位名词。. a bar of chocolate, a piece of furniture, a drop of water, an item of news, a loaf of bread, a piece of advice 2. 某些数量词只能修饰可数名词： many, few/a few, a (large) number of, a good many of, etc. 3. 某些数量词只能修饰不可数名词：much, little/a little, a great deal of, a large amount of, a quantity of…

Nouns C. 使用名词单复数时的注意事项 4. 某些数量词既可修饰可数名词又可修饰不可数名词： some, a lot of, lots of, plenty of, a percentage of… 5. 有些名词的复数形式表示特殊的意义： times时代， works著作， goods货物，greens蔬菜， regards 问候，contents 目录，papers论文/文件，parts零件 directions 指示/用法， gains 收获 ，numbers数字，算数 measures/means手段/措施， pains辛苦， remains遗迹/残余，communications通讯系统/交通工具, movies电影 calculations计算的结果， oils 油画，letters文学，brains智力 colors徽章，

Nouns C. 使用名词单复数时的注意事项 6. 有些名词常用其复数形式： shoes, gloves, scissors, trousers, compasses圆规， jeans, glasses, savings 储蓄， surroundings环境， finds研究结果，earnings 薪水, funds资金，arms武器 make friends with…, burst into tears, in other words, at all costs不惜任何代价， forces部队 on second thoughts进一步考虑后， make preparations for为…作准备

Nouns 7. 有些国家名或学科名词看上去是复数，其意义是单数： C. 使用名词单复数时的注意事项 7. 有些国家名或学科名词看上去是复数，其意义是单数： physics, politics, electronics, mathematics, economics, the United States, the United Nations, news, gymnastics体操，statistics统计学 The Arabian Nights 天方夜谭

Nouns D.名词的数与一致性 1.并列结构作主语时与谓语的一致关系 a) 由and连接两个名词或者代词作主语时, A and B分为以下四种情况： 1) A、B表示不同的人、物或者观念的时候，谓语动词要用复数形式 Li Ming and Zhang Hua are good students. Both the parents and the children are here. 2) A、B表示同一个人、物或者观念的时候，谓语动词要用单数形式 A journalist and author lives in the sixth flat. The turner and fitter is under twenty-five.

Nouns D.名词的数与一致性 3) and连接几个单数主语，主语由each、 every、 no、 many a等词修饰的时候，谓语动词要用单数 Each boy and each girl is invited. Every boy and girl is invited. No boy and no girl is there now. 4) A、B为两个不可分的东西时，谓语动词用单数 A law and rule about protecting environment has been drawn up. Bread and butter is nutritious.

Nouns D.名词的数与一致性 b) 由or, not only… but also …, either… or …, neither… nor …连接主语时，谓语的人称和数与靠近的主语一致 （注意，叙述句和疑问句随语序不同而不同） Either you or I am mad. Neither you nor he is naughty. Not only the farmer but also his family were friendly to me.

Nouns D.名词的数与一致性 c) 当主语后跟 but, with, along with, together with, besides, except, like, including, as well as, rather than 等词时，谓语动词不受词组的影响，仅和主语保持一致: All but one were here just now. A library with five thousand books is offered to nation as a gift.

Nouns D.名词的数与一致性 2.单一主语的情况 a) 以复数形式结尾的名词作主语时，例如physics, maths, economics, news, means, works, 等一般在谓语动词中用单数形式, 当然，若表示复数的意思则另当别论 Physics is very important. Every means has been tried.

Nouns D.名词的数与一致性 2.单一主语的情况 b) b) 表示双部分工具的名称，衣服名称等作主语时，例如trousers/pants, shoes, glasses, scissors, goods, clothers等，谓语用复数形式；如果这些词由Pair (suit, piece, series,kind) + of修饰时，谓语动词要用单数 My trousers are white and his clothes are black. A pair of scissors is lying in that drawer. 但是在these/those pairs (…) of + 复数名词之后，谓语动词则用复数形式 These kinds of glasses are popular this summer.

Nouns D.名词的数与一致性 3. 动名词，不定式，从句作主语的时候，谓语动词一 般要用单数 To see is to believe. Swimming is a good way to keep health. Who is her father is not known.

Nouns D.名词的数与一致性 4. 集体名词作主语时 a) mankind/humanity/man（人类）作主语的时候，谓语动词一般用单数形式 Only man is knows how to cook. b) 由people, police, cattle, youth等集体名词作主语的时候，谓语动词用复数形式 The cattle are grazing in the field

Nouns D.名词的数与一致性 c) Family, croud, class, public, enemy等集体名词作主语的时候 Our class is very diligent. ii. 若他们表示的人或者事物当作若干个个体来看，谓语动词则用复数形式 When I came into the room, his family were watching TV. iii. A family/group/class 作主语时，谓语动词用单数; families/groups/classes作主语时，谓语动词用复数 A group is coming to the zoo.

Nouns D.名词的数与一致性 5. 其他情况 a) 主语为表示距离、时间、长度、价值、金额、重量等复数名词的时候，谓语动词用单数形式 3 kilometers is not very far. Three times three makes nine.

Nouns D.名词的数与一致性 b) one, every/each one, each, anyone, either, neither + of + 复数名词 谓语动词一般用单数形式，因为of之后的复数名词不是主语而是介词of的宾语，of前面的one, every one … 才是主语 Neither of them is right. Each of them has a slide. c) none of + 不可数名词——谓语动词用单数形式 none of + 可数名词　——谓语动词单复均可 None of that money in the desk is his. None of his classmates knows the truth.

Nouns D.名词的数与一致性 d) 分数或百分数 + of + 词组 分数或百分数 + of + 词组作主语时，谓语动词的数取决于of后的名词或者代词的数；若名词或代词是复数，谓语动词用复数，若名词或代词是单数，则谓语动词用单数 Three-thirds of the surface of the earth is sea. Tens of tons of waste goes into the air with the smoke every day. e) more than one + (单数名词) + 单数动词 more than two + (复数名词) + 复数动词 More than one white rose has bloomed. More than two white roses have bloomed.

Nouns D.名词的数与一致性 f) a (great) number of + 复数名词 ——用复数动词 the number of + 任何名词 —— 用单数动词 A great number of tourists have been to the Great Wall. The number of students in the computer class is limited to ten. g) the + 形容词，表示一类人 ——谓语动词用复数 the + 形容词，表示一类物 ——谓语动词用单数 The rich are for the decision but the poor are against it. The beautiful is here.

Nouns D.名词的数与一致性 h) every, any, some, no 构成的复合词： everyone, everybody, everything anyone, anybody, anything　　　　　　 someone, somebody, something　　　　 no one, nobody, nothing 这些复合词作主语的时候，谓语动词用单数形式 Everyone in the class was surprised at the news. Listen, someone is knocking at the door.